Just Speak In English_Topic: No topic

[piishii]

hi everybody.
here is public information ?
or we should speak english ?

[diana_1989]

it is a life of wonderment
enjoyyyyyyyyyyy
share_growwwwwwwww
it will be only as you make it

[diana_1989]

its a life of wonderment
enjoyyyyyyyyyyyyy
share_grow
it will be only as you make it

[Parnyan]

hi dear friends
Orion (astronomy)
Orion (astronomy), constellation located on the celestial equator east of Taurus. It is oblong, with three stars in line near its centre. It is represented on pictorial charts as the figure of Orion, the hunter in Greek mythology, standing with uplifted club. Three bright stars represent his belt and three fainter stars aligned south of the belt represent his sword. Alpha () Orionis, or Betelgeuse, is located in the left corner of the oblong, corresponding to Orion's shoulder. Beta (β) Orionis, or Rigel, is diagonally opposite Betelgeuse. A faint, misty patch surrounding the three stars marking Orion's sword is revealed in long-exposure photographs made with powerful telescopes as a spectacular mass of bright and dark gas and dust, many hundreds of light years across, in which stars are being born.



Pleiades (astronomy)
Pleiades (astronomy), loose cluster of 400 to 500 stars, about 415 light years from the solar system in the direction of the constellation Taurus. The stars are about 1 light year apart, on the average, and photographs show them to be surrounded by a nebulosity that shines by their reflected light. The cluster was named by the ancient Greeks after the “Seven Sisters” of mythology. Observers have claimed to be able to see with the naked eye as many as 12 of the stars in the cluster.
Pleiades
The Pleiades is an open star cluster which is visible to the naked eye in the constellation Taurus. The Ancient Greeks saw seven stars in the cluster, and named them after the Pleiades, the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. According to myth, the hunter Orion was in love with them and pursued them until the gods took them to safety, transforming them first into doves, and then into stars. Telescopes have shown that there are up to 500 stars in the cluster.

[diana_1989]

dont wish to be any thing
but what you are
and try to be that perfectly

[Parnyan]

Variable Stars, stars that change in brightness as seen from Earth. The term encompasses stars that actually fluctuate in their light output (intrinsic variables), and stars whose light is interrupted on the way to Earth by some external factor, such as another star or intervening dust (extrinsic variables). The light changes of most intrinsic variables result either from pulsations in the star’s size (pulsating variables) or from interactions between members of a binary (twin) system. A few others do not fit into either of these main types. The only common type of extrinsic variable is the eclipsing binary. These consist of two close stars that periodically pass in front of each other as they move in mutual orbit. Algol is the most famous example. Eclipsing binaries account for almost 20 per cent of all known variable stars, with virtually all the remainder being intrinsic variables.

[Parnyan]

II PULSATING STARS

Of the stars that vary intrinsically in light output, the most common are pulsating variables. Probably the most famous examples are the Cepheid variables, whose regular pulsations provide a guide to their brightness, and hence act as important distance indicators in space. A related type are the RR Lyrae variables, which are commonly found in globular clusters. RR Lyrae stars are giants, less luminous than Cepheids, and vary by up to two magnitudes every day or so. Because they are at the same stage of evolution, they all have roughly the same luminosity and therefore make excellent distance indicators once identified. RR Lyrae stars are abundant, accounting for about 20 per cent of all known variables. By contrast, only about 1 per cent of known variables are Cepheids.

The most common variables of any type are the Mira stars, named after their prototype, the star Mira, or Omicron Ceti. These are red giants or supergiants with huge ranges in brightness (up to 11 magnitudes, a factor of 25,000 times) over timescales of months or even years. They are also termed long-period variables. Many other red giant and supergiant stars show some degree of variability, but much less pronounced than in the case of the Mira stars. Depending on the range of brightness and the degree of regularity (if any), they are classified as semi-regular or irregular variables. In all these cases, the variations are caused by fluctuations in the sizes and temperatures of the stars themselves.

III INTERACTING BINARY STARS

Some of the most interesting phenomena result from interactions between the two members of a binary system. The most spectacular examples are novae, in which a thermonuclear explosion occurs on the surface of a white dwarf star that has accumulated hydrogen from a close companion. Smaller but more frequent surges in brightness happen in the so-called dwarf novae (also known as U Geminorum stars). As in a nova, these consist of a white dwarf star and a normal companion, from which gas is dragged by the white dwarf’s gravitation. The gas forms a disc, called an accretion disc, circling the white dwarf. The outburst of a dwarf nova is caused by a brightening of the accretion disc, probably because of the release of gravitational energy from the inflowing gas.

In cases where one object in the binary is even more condensed than a white dwarf—that is, it is a neutron star or even a black hole—its gravitational field is so strong that infalling gas is heated to extreme temperatures and emits X-rays. The whole system is an X-ray binary, which can be observed by satellites in space. Variations in the intensity of X-ray binaries result from changes in the rate of mass transfer and from eclipses of the body emitting the X-rays, as in optical variables. SeeX-Ray Astronomy.

IV OTHER TYPES

Stars in the process of formation are also variable. T Tauri stars are very young stars with masses similar to that of the Sun. They show irregular variations owing both to activity in the stars themselves and to obscuration by dust clouds passing in front of them. Flare stars, also known as UV Ceti stars, are red dwarfs that undergo sudden jumps in brightness of up to 250 times, lasting only a few minutes. Flares similar to those on the Sun are thought to be the cause of the outbursts. Flare stars may be the next stage in evolution after T Tauri stars. R Coronae Borealis stars act in completely the opposite way. These are supergiants that occasionally fade by as much as eight magnitudes before slowly recovering. Such sudden fades are thought to be due to the ejection of carbon particles formed in the star’s atmosphere. Matter is also ejected by shell stars, fast-rotating stars that throw off gas from their equators, leading to a temporary dimming; Gamma Cassiopeiae is an example. The most spectacular variable stars of all are the supernovae, in which the star blows itself apart.

V NOMENCLATURE OF VARIABLE STARS

A specific system of nomenclature is laid down for variable stars. Those stars bright enough to have been given a catalogue designation already (such as Algol, which is designated Beta Persei) retained it when their variability was recognized. However, other variables were given a single- or double-letter designation in order of discovery, starting at R. Once all two-letter combinations have been used (that is, when 334 variables have been found in a constellation), the stars are given a number prefixed with the letter V, starting at V335

[Parnyan]

constellations
Tucana
Tucana (Latin, “the toucan”), southern constellation located south of Phoenix and north-east of Hydrus. Johannes Kepler called it Anser Americanus (“the American goose”) but this was superseded by the current name, which was introduced in 1603 by Johann Bayer. Its southern regions are notable for a large, bright globular cluster and the presence of the Small Magellanic Cloud.
Hercules (astronomy)
Hercules (astronomy), large constellation of the northern hemisphere, lying between Lyra and Corona Borealis. Hercules is best seen during the summer. It is represented by the figure of the Greek hero Hercules in a kneeling position. The stars of the constellation are of third magnitude or dimmer. Hercules contains a globular cluster, called Messier 13, consisting of more than 50,000 stars. This cluster, about 34,000 light years from the Earth, can be seen by the naked eye.
Virgo Cluster
Virgo Cluster, gravitationally-bound cluster of galaxies lying relatively close to the Local Group at a distance of some 50 million light years. The Virgo Cluster has an overall diameter of 9 million light years and contains over 2,000 galaxies, of which the largest are giant ellipticals. Several of the more prominent members are visible with small telescopes, and a number are included in the 1771 catalogue of nebulous objects compiled by Charles Messier. Among them, the central object M87 is notable as a particularly massive elliptical galaxy (containing 790 billion solar masses of material), from whose nucleus a jet of material is streaming. M87 is a strong source of radio emissions, known as Virgo A. Most members of the Virgo cluster are spiral galaxies.
The Virgo cluster is at the centre of a supercluster which includes our Local Group. Although the Virgo Cluster is moving away from the Local Group at a speed of some 1,140 km (700 mi) per second, both clusters share a common motion towards an unseen gravitational source known as the Great Attractor.
Delphinus
Delphinus (Latin, “the dolphin”), northern constellation, located to the west of Aquila and to the east of Pegasus, the main feature of which is a group of four bright stars that are known as Job’s Coffin. Delphinus also contains a number of fine binary stars, a variable star, and a very distant globular cluster. Most of its stars have a magnitude of 4 or 5.

[Parnyan]

Draco
Draco (Latin, “dragon”), northern circumpolar constellation situated between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, just below the celestial pole. The star Etamin, Gamma () Draconis, a second-magnitude star and the brightest star in the constellation, was the principal object of measurement used by the British astronomer James Bradley in 1729 in discovering the aberration of light.

Hydra (astronomy)
Hydra (astronomy), constellation lying near the celestial equator. It is irregularly shaped and almost wholly made up of faint stars. It begins south of the constellation Cancer and extends eastwards nearly as far as the constellation Libra. Its long, winding shape was thought to resemble a water serpent. The constellation was originally recorded by the early Greek astronomer Ptolemy in his Almagest. The only bright star in the constellation is Alphard (“the solitary one”), actually a double star.



Serpens
Serpens (Latin, “serpent”), constellation in the equatorial region of the sky, best seen in the evening during northern summer (southern winter). It represents a large snake coiled around the constellation Ophiuchus, and is split into two halves, one part representing the head (Serpens Caput) and the other representing the tail (Serpens Cauda). It is the only constellation to be so divided. The constellation's brightest star is Alpha Serpentis, also known as Unukalhai (from the Arabic for “the serpent's neck”), magnitude 2.7. Serpens Caput, the larger half, contains the globular cluster M5, of the sixth magnitude and visible through binoculars. Serpens Cauda contains the Eagle Nebula, a cloud of glowing gas 7,000 light years away, containing a cluster of stars, M16.

[diana_1989]

what ever
the struggle
continue the climb
it maybe onlyyyyyyyyy
one step to the summit