تبلیغات :
ماهان سرور
آکوستیک ، فوم شانه تخم مرغی ، پنل صداگیر ، یونولیت
دستگاه جوجه کشی حرفه ای
فروش آنلاین لباس کودک
خرید فالوور ایرانی
خرید فالوور اینستاگرام
خرید ممبر تلگرام

[ + افزودن آگهی متنی جدید ]




صفحه 6 از 17 اولاول ... 234567891016 ... آخرآخر
نمايش نتايج 51 به 60 از 168

نام تاپيک: Health Topic

  1. #51
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Tryptophan: An Essential Amino Acid



    Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. It is a two-step process in which amino acids gather and form peptides or polypeptides. From these groupings, proteins are made. A total of 20 different kinds of amino acids form proteins.

    One of the best known amino acids is Tryptophan, which is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested through food. Tryptophan is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. The body also uses tryptophan to help make:

    • Niacin (vitamin B3): essential for normal gastrointestinal and nerve processes
    • Serotonin: involved in controlling moods and appetite
    • Melatonin: important in regulating sleep

    In order for tryptophan to be changed into niacin, there needs to be enough B-6, riboflavin, and iron in the body. Niacin, in turn, helps the body produce serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that acts as a calming agent in the brain and plays a key role in sleep.

    Because of its conversion into serotonin, tryptophan is well known for its antidepressant effects. Tryptophan actually increases the amount of serotonin in the blood, unlike antidepressant drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which only preserve the amounts of serotonin already in circulation.

    Recent studies have shown that individuals who are extremely overweight have chronically low levels of tryptophan. Blood levels of tryptophan are also known to fall during intense dieting. This resulting serotonin imbalance may be a contributing factor to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.

    Study results also show that raising tryptophan levels in the body may decrease appetite, especially for sugars and starchy foods such as bread (carbohydrates). Consuming carbohydrates is known to increase serotonin levels, which in turn makes most people feel less depressed. Therefore, substituting tryptophan for carbohydrates may reduce depressed feelings and help to control the over consumption of these “comfort foods”.

    Tryptophan is also involved in the regulation of sleep. Human clinical trials have shown that low levels of tryptophan contribute to insomnia. Consequently, increasing tryptophan may help to normalize sleep patterns. It is important to note, however, that higher than usual levels of tryptophan in the blood have been associated with conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome. It is unclear whether the high tryptophan levels cause the condition or result from it. More studies are underway to better understand the role tryptophan plays in both depression and sleep disorders.

    Foods which can provide an ample amount of tryptophan are:

    • Chicken and turkey
    • Milk and cheese
    • Eggs
    • Fish
    • Soy
    • Tofu
    • Pumpkin and sesame seeds
    • Peanuts and peanut butter

    While turkey does have the making of a natural sedative, it is unlikely that the “calm, want a nap” feeling you have on Thanksgiving Day can be blamed on turkey alone. Nutritionists say that tryptophan actually works best on an empty stomach and only a portion of the tryptophan from the turkey actually makes it to the brain to help produce serotonin. It is, in reality, a combination of the type of food, amount of food, and celebratory atmosphere of Thanksgiving Day that gives you that comfortable feeling.

    In 1990, tryptophan supplements were banned because of an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia, a syndrome that causes muscle pain and even death. However, the FDA said that contaminated tryptophan supplements caused the outbreak and is was thought to have been limited to products made by only one manufacturer, and the ban was soon lifted.

    Certain side effects have been associated with oral supplemental tryptophan such as blurry vision, drowsiness, dry mouth, headaches, and nausea.

    Also keep in mind that when tryptophan is used with prescription drugs that promote sleepiness, the effects of the drug may be exaggerated, resulting in sedation or mental impairment.l

  2. 2 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  3. #52
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Branched Chain Amino Acids



    Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is the name given to three of the eight essential amino acids needed to make protein: leucine, isoleucine and valine. They are called branched-chain because their structure has a ‘branch’ off the main trunk of the molecule. The combination of these three essential amino acids makes up approximately one-third of skeletal muscle in the human body.

    In order to get energy, the body can actually break down muscle to get these BCAAs. Therefore, by supplying them during or after a workout, muscles and other tissues are spared from breakdown, which occurs as a natural part of metabolism.

    Leucine is the most readily oxidized BCAA and therefore the most effective at causing insulin secretion from the pancreas. It lowers elevated blood sugar levels and aids in growth hormone production. Leucine works in conjunction with the other two BCAAs to protect muscle and act as fuel for the body. They promote the healing of bones, skin and muscle tissue, and are often recommended for patients recovering from surgery. Note: Excessively high intake of leucine may contribute to pellagra, a disease due to niacin deficiency, and may increase the amount of ammonia in the body.

    Food sources for leucine are: meat, nuts, beans, brown rice, soy flour and whole wheat.

    Isoleucine stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels. It is also needed for hemoglobin formation. When coupled with the other two BCAAs, they enhance energy, increase endurance and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue, making them a valuable tool for athletes.

    After a group of healthy people received a single intravenous infusion of these amino acids, the amount of tissue breakdown that normally occurs overnight decreased by 50 percent. In another study, the muscles of a group of marathoners and cross-country runners were spared completely with a daily dose of them.

    People suffering from many different mental and physical disorders have been found to have isoleucine deficiency, which can lead to symptoms similar to those of hypoglycemia.

    Isoleucine can be found in foods such as chicken, eggs, fish, meat, rye, almonds, cashews, chickpeas, lentils, soy protein and most seeds.

    Valine is the third BCAA. It also aids in muscle metabolism, tissue repair and the maintenance of proper nitrogen balance in the body. It may also be helpful in treating liver and gallbladder disease, and is good for correcting the type of severe amino acid deficiencies which can be caused by drug addiction. However, an excessively high level of valine can lead to symptoms such as a crawling sensation in the skin and possibly cause hallucinations.

    Sources for valine are: meat, mushrooms, peanuts, dairy products, grains, and soy protein.

    BCAAs are a very popular supplementation for strength in athletes. It is recommended that supplemental isoleucine should always be taken with a correct balance of the other two branched-chain amino acids; approximately two milligrams each of leucine and valine for each milligram of isoleucine. Supplements that combine all three amino acids are available and can be more convenient to use.

    BCAAs offer a rapid treatment response for tardive dyskinesia in men, according to the results of a trial published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder consisting of abnormal, involuntary body movements usually associated with long-term medications used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

    BCAAs are also currently used clinically to aid in the recovery of burn victims, and because the metabolic breakdown is accelerated when an individual is afflicted with a wasting disease such as cancer, AIDS, or end-stage kidney failure, BCAA along with glutamine and medium-chain triglycerides are often used by progressive surgeons as intravenous support for their critically ill patients.l

  4. این کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده است


  5. #53
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Arginine – an Amino Acid



    Arginine (ar ja nen), in humans, is a semi essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and protein is the basis of all living cells.

    Amino acids are considered essential if they must be consumed in the diet and non essential if they can be produced within the body. That is why arginine is considered conditionally essential. Most adults, unless suffering from certain rare genetic disorders, can synthesize sufficient arginine to meet the body’s demands, however infants and young children cannot produce arginine and since arginine is essential for the production and release of the growth hormone, they must receive the amino acid in dietary intake.

    There are other conditions such as trauma (including surgery), and burns that can produce an increased demand within the body for the synthesis of arginine. Arginine is necessary for wound healing, probably because it plays an important role in the synthesis of collagen necessary for the production of new tissue and bone cells. If the body could not produce the necessary amount of arginine, healing time would take longer than under normal circumstances. The ability to synthesize non essential amino acids, including arginine can be effected by age, overall health, organ health, and stress,

    During stress, the thymus gland usually shrinks, the production of lymphocytes (small white blood cells which are the body’s main defense against diseases) diminishes and sickness usually results. In autopsies of individuals who died after long illnesses, the gland is tiny and sometimes atrophied. Arginine is the key to maintaining the proper size of the gland to maintain the production of lymphocytes.

    Arginine deficiencies can produce muscle weakness and impair insulin production among other things. Rapid growth, pregnancy, trauma, protein deficiency and malnutrition are conditions usually associated with deficiencies of arginine. Arginine deficiency is also frequently associated with skin rash, hair loss and breakage, poor wound healing and some liver conditions. This is not an area for self-diagnoses and requires the attention of a health practitioner to determine if there is an amino acid deficiency or if the symptoms are related to another cause.

    Some studies have suggested that arginine is useful in the treatment of several diseases:

    • Arthritis, because collagen is found in the connective tissue and arginine is a major player in the production of collagen

    • Cancer Patients, arginine enhances the immune function and therefore may help to retard tumor growth.

    • Liver Disorders, arginine helps in detoxifying the liver and may be of benefit in liver injury and other liver disorders.

    • Body Building, and weight loss, arginine is reported to help in reducing body fat while increasing lean muscle. Some studies support the value of arginine supplementation for athletes.

    • Fertility, seminal fluid contains a large amount of arginine and it may be helpful in treating sterility in men. It has been shown in combination with some other amino acids to have a positive effect on sperm viability and motility. It has also been noted as an aid to increased libido and a useful aid in treating erectile dysfunction.

    Arginine may act as an anti-aging agent because it is involved in the production of many enzymes and hormones. The older adult responds to arginine with increased levels of glucose and growth hormone. The main source of energy for muscle and other cells is glucose. Glucose metabolism produces ammonia, a toxic substance. Arginine stimulates the enzyme that starts the cycle that converts ammonia into urea. Urea is cleansed from the body by the kidneys and excreted in urine.

    Each individual has differing dietary needs depending on gender, age, and geographic location. There is no one size fits all for nutritional requirements. There is no known reason to increase consumption of dietary protein to increase circulating levels of amino acids, and since many protein rich foods are also rich in fats, it could cause unnecessary weight gain and cholesterol levels that are unhealthy.

    Arginine is found in chocolate, whole grains (wheat, buckwheat, and oatmeal), dairy products, red meats, nuts (pecans, cashews, walnuts, etc), seafood, and soybeans. A balanced diet with enough calories to meet the guidelines for the size of the individual concerned should provide enough arginine as well as other nutrients for a healthy life.

    Because arginine will boost the immune system it may seem like a solution to people suffering with ailments. It should not be used with out consultation with a health provider and should never be used by anyone suffering from an acute or chronic virus, such as Epstein-Barr, or Herpes Simplex I or II. It will speed up the rate of growth of the virus.

    Arginine, as with most amino acids, has two forms, the L-form and the D-form. The L-form of amino acids is the most compatible with human body chemistry and is the only form discussed here.l


  6. 2 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  7. #54
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Deal with Unwanted Hair the Easy Way



    Many women have unwanted hair they want to remove, either by temporary hair removal measures or by permanent hair removal measures, like laser hair removal. Unwanted hair can be on legs, arms, underarms, bikini line or the face. This article makes clear the following:

    * Is it possible to remove unwanted hair by waxing?
    * How sugaring can be used to remove unwanted hair?
    * How unwanted hair can be removed permanently?


    Many women have unwanted hair they want to remove, either by temporary hair removal measures or by permanent hair removal measures, like laser hair removal. Unwanted hair can be on legs, arms, underarms, bikini line or the face. Unwanted facial hair is one area where women will often consider permanent hair removal or laser facial hair removal.

    Remedies for Dealing with the Situation

    There are a number of remedies for dealing with unwanted hair, including bleaching, short-term hair removal, long-term hair removal and permanent hair removal. Here are some of the most popular methods of removing unwanted hair.

    1. Bleaching. Bleaching the hair makes the hair more difficult to see.
    2. Plucking the hairs out using a tweezer. (This is popular when dealing with eyebrow hair.)
    3. Trimming the hair.
    4. Shaving
    5. Waxing
    6. Using an epilator.
    7. Depilatory creams.
    8. Electrolysis
    9. Laser hair removal.

    NATURAL REMEDIES

    A lot of hair removal methods require the use of harsh chemicals, but there are some natural remedies for removing unwanted hair. Shaving and plucking can be considered natural remedies, so far as they do not require the use of chemicals. Here are some other natural remedies for body hair removal and facial hair removal.

    1. Hair can be bleached with lemon juice and chamomile tea.
    2. Sugaring is a method first used in ancient Egypt. By combining honey, lemon and sugar you can create your own mixture. It is used in a similar way to waxing.
    3. A rough stone (like a pumice stone) can be used to remove hair by causing friction.
    4. Some hair removal products can be purchased that use only natural ingredients.

    Hot water and steam are not methods of dealing with unwanted hair, but they are helpful when removing hair from the roots. Before plucking, waxing or using an epilator, a hot bath or a facial sauna with open up the pores and make the hairs easier to remove.

    USING CREAMS AND GADGETS

    There are many creams and gadgets on the market that assist women in facial hair removal and body hair removal.

    Depilatory creams use chemicals to dissolve the hairs at the skin's surface. They are often used for facial hair removal or removal of hairs around the bikini line. Different creams can be purchased for different hair removal tasks. As these creams contain harsh chemicals, they may irritate the skin. For this reason, all creams should be tested on the skin before use.

    Hair bleaches lighten the hair, so that it is becomes less visible. There are a number of hair bleaches available in the stores. Hair bleaches are popular for facial hair, where it is difficult to remove hair without waxing or undergoing permanent hair removal treatments, like laser facial hair removal.

    Waxing is a popular way of removing unwanted body and facial hair. There are a number of special waxing kits available for purchase, some of which include all-natural ingredients. People can also get their hair waxed at beauty salons.

    Shaving removes the hair at the skin's surface. As the hair is cut off, it may grow back thicker and darker than before. Shaving products include razors, disposable razors and electric razors. Shaving cream can help while shaving, but it does not help remove unwanted hair.

    Epilators are electronic devices that roll along the body, pulling up hairs at the root. As the hairs are removed at the root, it takes longer for the hairs to grow back than they would in normal shaving.

    All of these methods can be useful while dealing with unwanted hair. Some of these methods last longer than others, but none of them provide permanent hair removal.l

  8. 3 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  9. #55
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Professional Manicure Tips



    A manicure is a beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands. Manicures usually involve soaking the hands, applying hand lotion, filing and shaping the nails and applying nail polish. There are also special manicures, like French manicures. This article includes:

    * Find more on manicure and pedicure
    * What is the procedure for manicure?
    * What is the procedure for pedicure?

    It is possible to give yourself a professional manicure or pedicure at home. You can even create your own professional manicure sets (including pedicure machines for those who want all the manicure and pedicure sets and tools). All you need is a few simple tools and knowledge of the procedure that professional manicurists use.

    What are Manicures and Pedicures?

    A manicure is a beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands. Manicures usually involve soaking the hands, applying hand lotion, filing and shaping the nails and applying nail polish. There are also special manicures, like French manicures.

    Pedicure is the same sort of treatment for the feet. Again, it involves soaking the feet, filing and shaping the nails and applying lotion and nail polish.

    The Procedure (for doing your own manicures and pedicures)

    Below are the procedure that would be followed by a professional manicurist. By following the same procedure, you can also give yourself a professional-looking manicure. Before you start, though, you will need to collect some tools and put together one of your own professional manicure sets.

    PROFESSIONAL MANICURE SETS

    Here are all the tools you will need to give yourself a manicure or pedicure. Some items on the list are essential, but some items can be left until later. You can also buy professional manicure sets or individual manicure and pedicure sets.

    The Basics

    1. Bowl of warm water (this will have to be a very large bowl for a pedicure).
    2. Nail polish remover.
    3. Cuticle pusher (preferably orangewood)
    4. A hand towel.
    5. Nail clippers or scissors.
    6. Clear nail polish.
    7. Cotton pads.
    8. Finger brush.
    9. Nail file or emery board.
    10. Nail polishing board (or nail buffer).
    11. Massage lotion or hand lotion.
    12. Pumice stone.

    Extras

    1. Finger bath.
    2. Foot bath.
    3. Bath salt.
    4. Cuticle remover (this is not necessary).
    5. Cuticle oil (this is not necessary).
    6. Colored nail polish. (This isn't necessary if you do not want colored nails.)
    7. Base coat.
    8. Top coat.
    9. Professional Items
    10. Pedicure machines (can also be used for manicures).

    HOW TO DO A MANICURE

    If you have ever wondered how to do a manicure, the following list should be helpful. It is a list of steps that professional manicurists take when giving people manicures. By following the same steps (and using your own professional manicure sets) you too can give yourself a professional manicure.

    1. Remove any old nail polish with nail polish remover. Wash and sanitize the hands with soap and hot water or by scrubbing with bath salt. Bath salt is best because it removes dead skin cells. Dry the hands with a clean towel.
    2. Trim the fingernails and shape them with a nail file. Metal nail files or emery boards can be used, but professionals usually use fine glass files. To file properly, start with the file at the outer edge of the nail and move towards the center. You should not file nails with a saw-like motion.
    3. Soak the hands in water. A cream, oil or chemical cuticle remover can be applied to remove cuticles. The cuticles are pushed back with a cuticle pusher. Metal cuticle pushers can be used, but they may damage the fingernail. It is best to use orangewood cuticle pushers.
    4. Polish the fingernails with a polishing board (or nail buffer). A polishing board has a soft foam layer with a polishing surface.
    5. Apply nail polish. Most professionals apply at least one layer of clear nail polish. If you want to apply colored nail polish, use at least three layers. Start with a base coat. Then put on the color coat. Finish with a top coat. Clear nail polish can be used in place of a base coat and top coat.
    6. Finish the manicure with a hand massage. You can use hand lotion or oils. Some manicurists will soak the hands in paraffin or wax before putting on hand lotion.l

  10. 3 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  11. #56
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Skin Tanning Precautions You Cannot Ignore



    For a long time, having tanned skin was seen as being unattractive. Ironically, now that we know the dangers of skin cancer, many people find having a skin tan desirable. This has promoted the rise of the sunless skin tanning product - products that are meant to tan the skin without any dangers. This article educates you on:

    * Know about sun and sunless tanning techniques
    * What are the precautions to take while having sun and sunless tanning?
    * What are the risks involved in skin tanning?

    For a long time, having tanned skin was seen as being unattractive. Ironically, now that we know the dangers of skin cancer, many people find having a skin tan desirable. This has promoted the rise of the sunless skin tanning product - products that are meant to tan the skin without any dangers. However, even these sunless skin tanning products can be dangerous in some cases.

    Different Methods People Use to Tan Their Skin


    The traditional method of skin tanning is by sun bathing. This was popular in the 1970s, when the skin tan became fashionable, but the risks of skin cancer were not yet widely known. Nowadays, many people choose not to directly expose their skin to UV rays. However, sun bathing is still practiced by those who do not care about the dangers or who use a sunscreen lotion with minimal coverage (or low SPF). These sunscreen lotions claim to block out some of the sun's rays, while allowing the person to get a tan.

    Sunless bronzers come in the form of tanning lotions, creams or powders. They are applied to the skin for the appearance of a temporary tan. The bronzers are removed when the skin is washed.

    Spray tanning booths are becoming a popular way for people to receive a skin tan. A tan is applied to the skin by means of an air compressor or airbrush.

    Tanning accelerators are either lotions or pills that contain tyrosine. The tyrosine is meant to increase the formation of melanin, which accelerates the tanning process.

    Tanning pills contain cathanxanthin. The canthaxatin changes the color of the skin.

    Tanning beds (also known as tanning lamps) expose the body to UV rays, without the person needing to go out into direct sunlight. As this method still exposes the skin to UV rays, tanning beds can be just as dangerous as sun bathing.

    Sunless tanning lotion and sunless tanning spray contain di hydroxyl acetone (DHA). DHA changes the color of the dead skin cells. The tan lasts for about one week.

    Sun and Sunless Tanning Tips

    Here are some tips and techniques for different skin tanning techniques.

    SUNBATHING

    The best advice for anyone who wishes to gain a skin tan by sunbathing is 'don't do it'. However, if you are determined to sunbathe, then keep the following tips in mind.

    * Read up on the dangers of skin cancer.
    * Learn about the effects of the sun rays on your skin. The sun's rays can increase the chance of premature ageing, speed up wrinkles, dry out your skin and become a trigger for certain skin disorders like eczema.
    * Have a number of short sunbathing sessions, instead of one long session.
    * Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration.
    * Wear sunglasses.
    * A sunscreen that provides minimal coverage is better than no sunscreen at all.
    * Avoid the sun during the hottest times of the day.

    BRONZERS

    Here are some tips for using bronzing products.

    * Exfoliate your skin first.
    * Do not apply a bronzer after a bath or shower.
    * Apply the bronzer in a circular motion.

    SPRAY TANNING BOOTHS

    Here are some tips for the use of tanning booths.

    * Exfoliate your skin first.
    * Moisturize your skin first.
    * Wear loose fitting clothing.
    * Wipe your skin with a towel after application.
    * Protect your eyes and mouth.

    TANNING ACCELERATORS AND PILLS

    There is no evidence to suggest that tanning accelerators or pills actually work. A lot of people are convinced the possible dangers far outweigh any benefits. Pills, particularly, are considered one of the worst ways in which to get a sun tan. Before taking any pills or accelerators, consider the following tips.

    * Consult your doctor on whether the products will have any negative effect on medication you are taking.
    * Find out any relevant information about the product you wish to take.
    * Ask for a recommendation. Do not choose the cheapest product, as it is may have no effect.
    * Be careful in the sun and protect your skin from UV rays.

    TANNING LOTIONS

    Here are some tips for using a sunless tanning lotion.

    * Ask your store attendant for the best sunless tanning lotion. Cheap versions may cause your skin to go yellow.
    * Do a skin patch test before applying the lotion to your entire body.
    * Exfoliate before using the lotion.
    * Moisturize your skin.
    * Wear the same thing every time you use the lotion - preferably something dark so that stains will not show.

    TANNING BEDS OR LAMPS

    Here are some tips for using tanning beds or lamps.

    * Protect your eyes and your lips.
    * Check with your doctor about the effect of UV light on any medication.
    * Moisturize your skin before and after the session.
    * Gradually expose the areas that have been covered up.
    * Don't over do it and watch the time.l

  12. 3 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  13. #57
    آخر فروم باز obituary's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2007
    پست ها
    1,199

    پيش فرض Does DMAE Really live up to the Hype and are There any Side Effects?...l



    DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) is a naturally-occurring substance that can be purchased as DMAE cream, tablets, liquid or capsules. It increases levels of acetylcholine and may also stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. This article consists of:

    * Is it possible to get DMAE without prescription?
    * Why DMAE is known as 'smart' or 'brain' drug?
    * Is it possible to improve the appearance of the skin through DMAE?


    DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) is a naturally-occurring substance that can be purchased as DMAE cream, tablets, liquid or capsules. It increases levels of acetylcholine and may also stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It is produced naturally in the brain and found in anchovies and sardines. You can purchase DMAE cream, tablets, liquid, or capsules. The exact benefits and any DMAE side effects have not yet been established.

    Recently, there have been claims that when DMAE is applied topically (that is applied to the skin with a DMAE cream or lotion), it has face-lifting and skin-tightening properties.

    DMAE is also known as a “brain” or “smart” drug. It increases the chemicals in the brain that are needed for short-term memory, concentration and learning. It has been used to treat children with ADHD and people with Alzheimer's disease.

    Is DMAE really effective?

    The exact effects of topical DMAE (ie DMAE cream and DMAE lotion) on the skin have not been thoroughly researched. The science world is divided as to the extent DMAE actually works and how it works. Most people agree, though, that DMAE does improve the appearance of the skin.

    Studies have been shown that DMAE causes the skin to tighten and tone, particularly around the eyes. DMAE usually produces a noticeable effect, but not the dramatic effect that would occur from a face-lift. Often it may take some time for there to be a dramatic improvement. Continual use will increase the effect.

    In Which Ways can DMAE be administered to the skin?

    Many skin care companies have released DMAE creams and DMAE lotions. You can also purchase DMAE gel or DMAE lotion. These are applied directly onto the skin, usually once or twice a day. Prices range, but some can be quite expensive. Breaking open a DMAE tablet and applying it to the skin will not have any effect.

    Taking DMAE tablets, or eating lots of fish like anchovies and sardines, will also improve the appearance of the skin, but it will not have the effect of a topical DMAE cream. DMAE may also be applied as part of a mesolift, where the face is given micro-injections over a period of two to three years.

    Benefits DMAE can present in terms of skin toning and tightening

    Topical DMAE (DMAE cream and lotion) can tighten the skin and decrease facial sagging. Neck folds, sagging cheeks, fine links and sagging eyebrows have also been reported to improve after the continual application of DMAE. Some reports even suggest a noticeable improvement after 24 hours.

    The DMAE antioxidant properties help the membrane resist stress and protect it from free radical damage. It also increases the effects of other antioxidants in the skin. People who regularly use DMAE often get an improvement in the facial musculature, resulting in a leaner look.l

  14. 2 کاربر از obituary بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


  15. #58
    اگه نباشه جاش خالی می مونه AAKOJ's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2008
    محل سكونت
    Tabriz
    پست ها
    334

    پيش فرض Deaths uncounted in China's tainted milk scandal

    Li Xiaokai died of kidney failure on the old wooden bed in the family farmhouse, just before dawn on a drizzly Sept. 10.

    Her grandmother wrapped the 9-month-old in a wool blanket. Her father handed the body to village men for burial by a muddy creek. The doctors and family never knew why she got sick. A day later, state media reported that the type of infant formula she drank had been adulterated with an industrial chemical.

    Yet the deaths of Xiaokai and at least four other babies are not included in China's official death toll from its worst food safety scare in years. The Health Ministry's count stands at only three deaths.

    The stories of these uncounted babies suggest that China's tainted milk scandal has exacted a higher human toll than the government has so far acknowledged. Without an official verdict on the deaths, families worry they will be unable to bring lawsuits and refused compensation.

    So far, nobody is suggesting large numbers of deaths are being concealed. But so many months passed before the scandal was exposed that it's likely more babies fell sick or died than official figures reflect.

    Beijing's apparent reluctance to admit a higher toll is reinforcing perceptions that the authoritarian government cares more about tamping down criticism than helping families. Lawyers, doctors and reporters have said privately that authorities pressured them to not play up the human cost or efforts to get compensation from the government or Sanlu, the formula maker.

    "It's hard to say how the government will handle this matter," said Zhang Xinkui, a Beijing-based lawyer amassing evidence of the contamination for a possible lawsuit. "There may be many children who perhaps died from drinking Sanlu powdered milk or perhaps from a different cause. But there's no system in place to find out."

    In the weeks since Xiaokai's death, her father and his older brother have talked to lawyers and beseeched health officials, with no result.

    "My heart is in pain," said her father, Li Xiaoquan, a short, taciturn farmer with hooded eyes. From a corner of his farmhouse courtyard in central China's wheat and corn flatlands, he pulls a worn green box that once held apples and is now stuffed with empty pink wrappers of the Sanlu Infant Formula Milk Powder that Xiaokai nursed on. "We think someone, the company, should compensate us."

    In coal-mining country 450 miles to the northwest, Tian Xiaowei waits for his wife to leave the newly built house before removing five small photos of a wide-eyed baby boy from a brown plastic document folder. "She breaks down when she sees them," Tian said. The photos are the only mementos left of year-old Tian Jin, who died in August.

    "I want these people who poisoned the milk powder to receive the severest punishment under law. I want an explanation and I want consolation for my dead child," said Tian, a broad-shouldered apple farmer and part-time truck driver. "I feel like we could die from regret. If we knew that it was contaminated, we would never have fed him that."

    Since September, when the scandal was first reported, Beijing has said that Shijiazhuang Sanlu Group Co., the dairy, knew as early as last year that its products were tainted with melamine and that company and local officials first tried to cover it up.

    The government has promised free medical treatment to the 50,000 children sickened, and unspecified compensation to them and families of the dead. The Health Ministry, which is coordinating the government's response, declined to answer questions about the compensation plan and whether it was investigating deaths and illnesses not yet counted by the government.

    Melamine, a chemical used as a flame retardant and binding agent to make cooking utensils and industrial coatings, is rich in nitrogen. As such, it makes an attractive low-cost additive to milk and other foods; nitrogen registers as protein on many routine tests.

    Though melamine is not believed harmful in tiny amounts, higher concentrations produce kidney stones, which can block the ducts that carry urine from the body, and in serious cases can cause kidney failure.

    All eight babies who died were diagnosed with kidney failure, according to the families, medical records or state media accounts. All also supposedly drank Sanlu infant formula or powdered milk.

    The fathers of Li Xiaokai and Tian Jin both wave inch-thick sheaves of medical reports and tests from their children's stays in hospitals. Xiaokai, a twin older than her sister Xiaoyan by three minutes, was fed with Sanlu formula while the younger girl nursed on breast milk because their mother did not have enough for both, family members said.

    An ultrasound examination of Xiaokai's kidneys at the Zhengzhou Children's Hospital on Aug. 21 found a stone in each kidney that was about the size of a small marble and 2 1/2 times larger than what doctors consider a critical threshold.

    Tian Xiaowei, the apple farmer, sent bags of Sanlu infant formula to a government laboratory in September. The Xi'an Product Quality Supervision Institute's report, dated Oct. 8, found melamine levels of 1,748 milligrams per kilogram, more than 800 times the government-set limit.

    Then there's Wang Siyu, the daughter of an accountant and proprietor of an Internet cafe in the central city of Shangqiu. Siyu was fed Sanlu products from birth and developed recurring kidney problems in May last year, at age 3, said her mother, Li Songmei.

    Twice hospitalized, she was taken off Sanlu milk and started to recover, only to fall ill again when the family began to give her Sanlu products, Li said. Sick for a third time and swollen, she died of kidney failure at the Zhengzhou Children's Hospital on May 2, said Li.

    "Ever since she was born, she had been using Sanlu milk. Only when she felt sick and couldn't eat did she stop taking Sanlu," said Li.

    Others among the five include an infant in far western Xinjiang province, whose story was posted on the provincial government Web site, and a 6-month-old boy in southeastern Jiangxi province, reported by the New Legal Daily. A reporter who worked on the article and would give only his surname, Liu, said the newspaper was careful not to blame Cai Cong's death on Sanlu formula because "the local government has not yet reached a verdict."

    Medical experts say kidney stones in infants are rare. Doctors in several parts of China first noticed a rise in cases in the past two years. Pediatric urologist Feng Dongchuan tried to sound an alarm, posting an item on his blog in July about a spike in cases at his hospital in the central city of Xuzhou and in nearby Nanjing city. Feng pinpointed infant formula as the likely cause.

    Feng at first refused requests for interviews, then responded in a terse e-mail: "The chance for infants or small children to come down with kidney stones is very small, and having stones that obstruct both kidneys is even more rare."

    Like the others, the Li family grew distressed when Xiaokai started to become fussy in July. With their two-acre farm in Liti Village, her parents never had much money and already had a child, a son. But they wanted a larger family, bucking the one-child family planning limits. Xiaokai was "the more active" of the twins, said her 70-year-old grandmother, Li Xuan.

    By August, Xiaokai was running a high fever, unabated by ever higher doses of medicine. Alarmed after she stopped eating and urinating, the family took her to the nearby Runnan county hospital on Aug. 18. The doctors diagnosed kidney failure and rushed her overnight by ambulance to Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, three hours away and the best in Henan province.

    "They knew right away," said the father, Li. Xiaokai was run through tests and put on intravenous solutions to try to shrink the kidney stones. Unable to stay with her or afford a hotel, Li and his mother slept on the pavement outside the hospital. After five days, the hospital said it could do no more.

    "The doctors wouldn't operate because they said 'she's too small,'" said Li. They suggested taking Xiaokai to Beijing or Shanghai. Hospital officials declined comment and refused to make Xiaokai's doctor available.

    The hospital stay in Zhengzhou cost 7,331 yuan, or $1,070 — about a year's cash income for the family — and they had already borrowed money to pay for Xiaokai's care.

    So Li brought Xiaokai home to die. They took her to a traditional medicine doctor in the village, who gave her an herbal medicine and confirmed the grim prognosis. "The old doctor told us 'the child will die in 10 to 18 days,'" Li said.

    Early on Sept. 10 while it was still dark, the grandmother called Li into the side room where she and Xiaokai slept. "Her stomach was puffy" — a sign of kidney failure — "and she wasn't breathing," he said.

    In many parts of north China, the death of a child is considered a misfortune that can bring bad luck on a family and is best suppressed. Accordingly, Li Haiqin, a cousin, and three other men took Xiaokai to a creek on the far side of the village fields. They put a brick in the blanket with the body and placed it in a shallow hole under a path between rows of poplar trees. Then they walked back in silence beneath a gray dawn and a light rain. No close family members were there and none was told where the grave is.

    Xiaokai's family says Beijing had waived regular inspections of Sanlu because its quality controls were said to be excellent. "The government should shoulder its responsibility. This was a national brand, inspection-exempt products," said Xiaokai's uncle, Li Shenyi.

    Since the death, Li Shenyi approached the Runnan county Health Bureau to classify Xiaokai's death as caused by tainted formula. "They said the upper levels (of government) were working on it," he said.

    The county health bureau referred calls to its supervisors in Zhumadian city, who said ultimately it was up to Beijing.

    "Right now, the Health Ministry has no clear explanation on how the victim's families should be compensated," said a Ms. Shang at the Zhumadian Health Bureau's medical affairs office. "Nobody knows."

  16. این کاربر از AAKOJ بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده است


  17. #59
    اگه نباشه جاش خالی می مونه AAKOJ's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2008
    محل سكونت
    Tabriz
    پست ها
    334

    پيش فرض Statins: the Aspirin of the 21st century?

    They're the best-selling family of drugs of all time, with annual worldwide sales estimated at more than $20 billion. Every year, Canadian doctors write more than 12 million prescriptions for statins, making them the most-prescribed drugs in the country. They're in a class of drugs that has proven very effective at lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart attacks.

    The possible effectiveness of statins is so great that surprised researchers reported in November 2008 they have stopped a four-year study two years early in order to present their findings as soon as possible on the drugs' benefits to patients.

    The study, which followed nearly 18,000 patients from 27 different countries, found the strongest evidence yet that people with high levels of a particular protein are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It also found that the risk dropped by nearly half for patients treated with statins.

    All the patients had normal levels of cholesterol (LDL-c) and high levels of hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) — previously suspected, but not confirmed, to be a critical indicator of heart problems — and as such were not receiving any treatment for cardiovascular disease.

    But the study participants who received a daily dose of the drug rosuvastin saw their risk of cardiovascular disease drop by 44 per cent, and their risk of death fall by 21 per cent, compared with participants taking placebo over the same period.

    Since statins have a cholesterol-lowering effect, they are currently used to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients who are at risk due to high LDL-c levels. But cardiovascular disease is also caused by vascular inflammation, marked by high levels of hs-CRP, the study suggests.

    The study implies that statins act on both cholesterol and inflammation, an effect that has long been suspected but not proven.
    If you believe the estimate by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada that four out of five adults have at least one factor increasing their risk of heart attack, then the potential market for statins is huge.

    And that market could easily continue to grow. Statins are being called the Aspirin of the 21st century and a miracle drug — because they might actually do a lot more than just prevent heart attacks.

    Studies have suggested that statins might also slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease and help patients with osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. And new data raise the possibility that statins might also ward off colon, breast and prostate cancer — and lower one's overall cancer risk.

    The human body actually needs some cholesterol to help with the building and maintenance of cells. Good — or HDL cholesterol — helps the body absorb vitamins and nutrients from food. It helps produce the hormones the body needs.

    Bad — or LDL cholesterol — sticks to the inside of blood vessels and arteries, narrowing the path through which blood flows and increasing the risk of forming clots. That's what leads to heart disease and strokes. Combined, those two diseases make up the leading cause of death in Canada, killing nearly 80,000 people a year, almost 40 per cent of all deaths in this country. Cholesterol is to blame in many of those cases.
    Cholesterol had its uses

    At one time, millennia ago, it may have been important for the human body to be able to produce cholesterol — because early humans may have gone long periods between meals, which meant they couldn't count on getting enough cholesterol. But Dr. David Jenkins — a Canada Research Chair in nutrition, and a professor of medicine at the University of Toronto — says that's not the case for the modern couch potato.

    "We've got these ancient bodies with these ancient genes which are all destined to make sure that we've got enough cholesterol to fulfill essential functions," Jenkins told CBC Radio's Quirks and Quarks. "Today, unfortunately, we've taken out all those nice things in the diet that take cholesterol out of the body and have brought in a whole load of very nice refined foods that allow us to sit around, not do too much, and just synthesize cholesterol."

    Those refined foods help your body produce the bad kind of cholesterol. That's where statins come in. They work by blocking an enzyme in the liver that is involved in producing cholesterol within liver cells.

    "This tricks the liver cells into thinking the cholesterol levels are too low within the cell and the cell puts more receptors onto its surface, which drag the bad LDL cholesterol out of the blood," explains Dr. Rory Collins, professor of epidemiology at Oxford University. "The liver then breaks down that cholesterol and it's excreted into the bile and into the gut."

    Collins conducted the biggest study of statins to date, covering 20,000 people over five years. The study — published in November 2001 — suggested that a person who has had high cholesterol for decades could reduce their risk of heart attack or stroke by 25 per cent within just a few years of statin treatment. The study also suggested that the risk would continue to decrease, the longer the treatment continued.

    The study was a factor in the British government's decision to make statins available over the counter to almost anyone over age 55. Britain's health secretary said the move would encourage more people to start taking statins, even those with a moderate risk of heart disease.

    Collins argues that giving statins to more people — even those at lower risk — will prevent even more heart attacks.

    A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine's Oct. 11, 2007 edition backs that up. The study was a 10-year follow-up of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. It found that people who started on statins in the early part of the original study had a significantly reduced risk of heart attack than those who started statin therapy after the original study was completed.

    Other studies have suggested that statins may have promise in treating other conditions. One found that cholesterol promotes the development of Alzheimer's disease in rabbits. The researchers wanted to see if lowering cholesterol levels in people with Alzheimer's might slow down the disease. Patients on statins were tested on their cognitive abilities, their memory and their feelings of depression. The study found that the patients who had taken statins seemed to be in better shape.
    Studies have also suggested that statins may show some promise in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. And, at a meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology on June 6, 2004, new research was presented suggesting people who took statins for at least five years appeared to cut their risk of colon cancer in half.

    If statins do reduce the risk of cancer, scientists say it may have nothing to do with the drug's effects on cholesterol. One theory is that statins fight off the disease by reducing inflammation. Another theory is statins could block the way some cancer-causing genes work.

    Researchers say the evidence is still too weak to recommend taking statins for cancer prevention. They say much more study is needed.

    But there is a debate over the widespread use of statins. Some argue that the smaller your risk of developing heart disease, the smaller the benefit you'll get from taking statins. And by taking a pill every day, you might be running the risk of having the harm outweigh the benefits.

    Although there are relatively few side effects to statins, they can be quite serious. They include a degenerative muscle disease called myopathy, which can be fatal. Bayer pulled its statin — Baycol — off the market in August 2001 because it caused too many cases of myopathy. Baycol was linked to 52 deaths worldwide, including one in Canada.

    According to data obtained by the CBC from Health Canada's adverse drug reaction database, more than 1,000 serious side effects related to statins have been reported in the last 15 years.

    While the researchers continue to probe whether statins should be conferred "wonder-drug" status, some doctors are arguing that — wonder drug or not — there's a simple, drug-free way to get cholesterol-lowering benefits similar to what statins bring: watch what you eat and get some exercise.

  18. #60
    اگه نباشه جاش خالی می مونه AAKOJ's Avatar
    تاريخ عضويت
    Sep 2008
    محل سكونت
    Tabriz
    پست ها
    334

    پيش فرض Tuberculosis: Anatomy of a killer

    Ever heard of White Plague? What about Pott's disease? Lupus Vulgaris? King's evil? No? OK then, surely you've heard of consumption. All of these diseases are actually the same disease, better known today as tuberculosis — TB for short.

    Tuberculosis is caused by a germ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. What makes TB such a health threat is that it is not only contagious, but it spreads through the air. So when infected individuals cough, sneeze, spit or even just talk, they're spreading the bacteria. Other people become infected when they breathe in the now airborne bacteria.

    This is why the World Health Organization reports that about one per cent of the world's population becomes newly infected each year. Once infected, the bacteria can lie dormant inside the body for years.

    Most people don't even realize they are infected. They don't feel sick and don't show any symptoms. In fact, 90 to 95 per cent of people who get infected never get sick.
    It's the other five to 10 per cent who have to worry. These are people who have weaker-than-normal immune systems, such as children, the elderly or people with immune-deficiency diseases like HIV.

    When the bacteria become active, they can attack any part of the body, although they commonly go for the lungs. Once there, the bacteria begin to grow and move through the blood to other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine and brain.
    Watch for coughing, chest pain

    If you suffer from a persistent cough — one that lasts longer than two weeks — along with chest pain, and are coughing up blood and phlegm, you may have TB. Other symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, lack of appetite, chills and fever.

    Tuberculosis has been around a long time. Tissue samples from ancient gravesites and the examination of an Egyptian mummy suggest people were infected by tuberculosis as far back as 5,400 years, but scientists believe the bacteria are probably three times as old.

    Documentation of TB goes back to the ancient Greeks, who identified what they called "phthisis" as the most widespread disease of the time, one that was almost always fatal.

    But it wasn't until 1546 that the idea that TB is contagious began to be accepted as medical fact. And it took almost another 200 years before scientists realized that the disease didn't just attack people who had certain physical attributes.

    In 1882, German bacteriologist Robert Koch identified the tuberculosis bacillus, the bacteria at the root of the disease. Koch's work won him the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905.
    WHO plan aims to tackle TB

    The WHO's Global Plan to Stop TB aims to cut the number of deaths from tuberculosis in half by 2015, saving 14 million lives between 2006 and 2015. The plan sets out strategies for making sure that people in underserviced areas get access to quality TB diagnosis and treatment. Regions especially hard hit are sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV is also prevalent, and parts of Eastern Europe.

    In June 2008, the WHO announced plans to begin using a DNA-based test to diagnose drug-resistant forms of the disease in Africa. The tests will be used in Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Congo and Lesotho and are expected to shorten the diagnosis time from months to hours.

    In most of the world, people with active tuberculosis can be treated and cured if medical help is accessible, and infected people who aren't sick can take medicine to avoid developing TB.

    People who think they may have TB can get a TB skin test, in which a health-care worker injects a small amount of testing fluid just under the skin on an arm. After a couple of days, the spot where the needle was injected is examined for a positive or negative reaction.

    If the person tests positive, usually meaning he or she has TB, the person can get medicine that will kill the bacteria before they become active. One such drug is called isoniazid. Most people usually have to take the drug for at least six months.

    There is also a vaccine called BCG, which is often used to prevent children from getting tuberculosis, although it's not always effective.
    Cure within easy reach

    People who develop TB can almost always be cured provided the proper medical treatment is available. Unfortunately, this is not the case in many countries where TB is killing thousands.

    But recently, the WHO has identified a new strain of extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis that leaves patients "virtually untreatable." Extensive drug-resistant TB or XDR-TB is emerging, in which the bacteria resist not only front-line drugs, but also three of the more than six classes of second-line drugs. While more potent, these medications have more serious side-effects, are more expensive and may need to be taken for as long as two years.

    On average, about one per cent of all strains are drug-resistant, and of those, between five and 15 per cent are extensively drug-resistant, said Dr. Anne Fanning, a professor emeritus at the University of Alberta's faculty of medicine.

    "It is of grave concern if it is not appropriately addressed," Fanning told CBC Newsworld. "Drug resistance happens if treatment is not handled well. Good TB treatment in the first instance cures. Poor treatment creates drug resistance."

    A survey by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control found that the strain is showing up around the world — not just in areas with poor access to quality care. Although no numbers are yet available, the Canadian Lung Association (formerly the Canadian Tuberculosis Association) says cases of XDR-TB were detected in Canada in 2006.

    In May 2007, a man previously diagnosed with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis sparked an international stir when he ignored doctors' orders and flew from Europe to the U.S. via Canada.

    Tests later showed that Andrew Speaker had the less dangerous multi-drug-resistant form of TB. No one on the flight was infected, but some fellow passengers are suing Speaker for putting them at risk.
    Winning TB fight

    Overall, Canada has done pretty well in its fight against tuberculosis. The rate of the disease has dropped from about 120 cases per 100,000 people in the 1940s, to 5.2 cases per 100,000 people in 2002.

    Of the 1,634 cases reported in 2002, 115 patients were reported to have died, but only 68 of the deaths were linked to TB.

    Not bad for a population of 30 million, but not quite the elimination of the disease that was predicted to be achieved by 2000.

    In October 2008, public health officials searched for passengers considered at "moderate" risk of having contracted tuberculosis during a Greyhound bus trip to Windsor, Ont.

    As in Speaker's case, a passenger on the bus had infectious tuberculosis and may have passed it on by coughing while in close contact with others. Airports routinely screen passengers for signs of infectious diseases, but bus and train companies often don't.

    The Canadian Lung Association says there are three reasons Canada hasn't managed to shake the disease. The first is that because tuberculosis bacterium is a living organism, it is in a constant fight to survive in its changing environment. This is why new strains of the bacteria adapt to resist drugs.

    The second reason is that, due to the nature of Canada's population — with immigrants from around the world — the disease is brought over from countries where drug treatments for TB are not readily available. In 2005, 63 per cent of TB cases in Canada occurred in people born outside the country.

    Lastly, there exists a reservoir for TB among people considered at high risk of infection — those with weak immune systems or living in communities that lack the proper health services.

  19. 2 کاربر از AAKOJ بخاطر این مطلب مفید تشکر کرده اند


Thread Information

Users Browsing this Thread

هم اکنون 1 کاربر در حال مشاهده این تاپیک میباشد. (0 کاربر عضو شده و 1 مهمان)

User Tag List

قوانين ايجاد تاپيک در انجمن

  • شما نمی توانید تاپیک ایحاد کنید
  • شما نمی توانید پاسخی ارسال کنید
  • شما نمی توانید فایل پیوست کنید
  • شما نمی توانید پاسخ خود را ویرایش کنید
  •