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Riveted permanent joints were common as the means of fastening rolled steel shapes to one another to form a permanent joint. The childhood fascination of seeing a cherry-red hot rivet thrown with tongs across a building skeleton to be unerringly caught by a person with a conical bucket, to be hammered pneumatically into its final shape, is all but gone. Two developments relegated riveting to lesser prominence. The first was the development of high-strength steel bolts whose preload could be controlled. The second was the improvement of welding, competing both in cost and in latitude of possible form.
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