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Hijaamah (Wet Cupping) In the Treatment of Tension and Migraine Headaches
Ahmadi A, Schwebel DC, Rezaei M. The efficacy of wet-cupping in the treatment of tension and migraine headache.Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(1):37-44.
Wet-cupping is an ancient medical technique still used in several contemporary societies, but little empirical study has been devoted to test its efficacy to treat tension and migraine headache. Using a pre-post research design, 70 patients with chronic tension or migraine headache were treated with wet-cupping. Three primary outcome measures were considered at the baseline and 3 months following treatment: headache severity, days of headache per month, and use of medication. Results suggest that, compared to the baseline, mean headache severity decreased by 66% following wet-cupping treatment. Treated patients also experienced the equivalent of 12.6 fewer days of headache per month. We conclude that wet-cupping leads to clinical relevant benefits for primary care patients with headache. Possible mechanisms of wet-cupping’s efficacy, as well as directions for future research are discussed
The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlled trial.
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Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Pain research center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of wet-cupping for treating persistent nonspecific low back pain. BACKGROUND: Wet-cupping therapy is one of the oldest known medical techniques. It is still used in several contemporary societies. Very minimal empirical study has been conducted on its efficacy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups. Patients in the experimental group were offered the option of referral to the wet-cupping service; all accepted that option. The control group received usual care. SETTING: Medical clinic in Kermanshah, Iran. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 98 patients aged 17-68 years with nonspecific low back pain; 48 were randomly assigned to experimental group and 50 to the control group. INTERVENTION: Patients in the experimental group were prescribed a series of three staged wet-cupping treatments, placed at 3 days intervals (i.e., 0, 3, and 6 days). Patients in the control group received usual care from their general practitioner. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three outcomes assessed at baseline and again 3 months following intervention: the McGill Present Pain Index, Oswestry Pain Disability Index, and the Medication Quantification Scale. RESULTS: Wet-cupping care was associated with clinically significant improvement at 3-month follow-up. The experimental group who received wet-cupping care had significantly lower levels of pain intensity ([95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-2.60] mean difference=2.17, p<0.01), pain-related disability (95% CI=11.18-18.82, means difference=14.99, p<0.01), and medication use (95% CI=3.60-9.50, mean difference=6.55, p<0.01) than the control group. The differences in all three measures were maintained after controlling for age, gender, and duration of lower back pain in regression models (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Traditional wet-cupping care delivered in a primary care setting was safe and acceptable to patients with nonspecific low back pain. Wet-cupping care was significantly more effective in reducing bodily pain than usual care at 3-month follow-up.
THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
Volume 13, Number 1, 2007, pp. 79–82
© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.4226
The Effect of Wet Cupping on Serum Lipid Concentrations of
Clinically Healthy Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
MAJID NIASARI, M.D., A.P.C.P.,1,2 FARID KOSARI, M.D., A.P.C.P.,2
and ALI AHMADI, M.D., A.P.C.P.2
ABSTRACT
Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine if a reduction in serum lipoproteins, especially LDL cholesterol,
is a preventive approach against atherosclerosis. Phlebotomy has been a recommended method to reduce
serum lipoprotein levels. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of wet cupping on
serum lipoprotein concentrations.
Subjects and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 47 men (18 to 25 years old), without chronic disease or a history of hyperlipidemia and antihyperlipidemic drug consumption were randomly assigned into control (N _ 24) and treated (N _ 23) groups. Men in the treated group were subjected to wet cupping, whereas men in the control group remained untreated. The serum concentrations of lipids, collected from brachial veins, were determined at the time of wet cupping and then once a week for 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using a repeated measure ANOVA.
Results: A substantial decrease in LDL cholesterol (p _ 0.0001) and in the LDL/HDL ratio (p _0.0001)
was found in the treated group compared to the control. There were no significant changes in serum triglyceride between groups (p _ 0.05). Although there were no statistically significant variations in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol (p _ 0.05), a 7% decrease in total cholesterol and 3% increase in HDL cholesterol may be clinically important.
Conclusions: Wet cupping may be an effective method of reducing LDL cholesterol in men and consequently may have a preventive effect against atherosclerosis.
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