سوالات به زبان فارسی فقط در این تاپیک

[godfather_mk]

با عرض سلام خدمت دوستان
به تازگی کتاب 504 را تمام کرده ام ، بعد از این کتاب کدام کتاب را پیشنهاد میکنید.؟
من خودم بین 601 و 1100 ماندم.

کسی از دوستان نیست جواب من را بدهد؟

[rosenegarin13]

کسی از دوستان نیست جواب من را بدهد؟

سلام
من 504 و 1100 را خوندم ولی 601 رونه...
1100 رو میدونم خیلی عالیه..زیاد حساس نشید که اول کدوم رو شروع کنید...مهم افزایش دایره لغتتون هست...
موفق باشید.

[Kurosh]

اینا از قبلی موند:

زندگی کوچ نشینی: tribal life (هر چند این میشه زندگی قبیله ای ، ولی decamping یا migrating life به نظرم قشنگ نیومد)
یه سوال دیگه: جمله ی علت نامگذاری x تحت y ، فلان و فلان است چی میشه؟ احتمالاً باید از nomenclature استفاده بشه...

چند سوال جدید:



3- "خودمونیم ها!" چی میشه؟ می دونید که چیو میگم؟ مثلاً : خودمونیم ها! عجب دست فرمونی داشت!
همین در مورد "بین خودمان بماند" هم صادقه؟


4- "بماند" رو چه معادلی براش بیاریم؟ مثلاً : - شماره تلفنش چنده؟ - بماند!

5- "اوه راستی!" چی میشه؟ by the way گاهی بعترین معادل نیست ، مثلاً : اوه راستی! یادمان رفته بود...

6- "جریان رودخانه" "river's current" بهتره یا "river current" ؟ 
در این مورد آپوستروف فکر کنم قبلاً بحث بوده ، گشتم چیزی پیدا نکردم ، اگه پستی بوده لینک بدید ، اگه نه ، یه توضیح مختصر که در کدوم موارد s' میاریم و در کدوم موارد ، نه...
مثلاً : sunlight یا sun's light - همین طور: water pressure و water's pressure - یا river beach که به صورت river's beach هم میاد...همین طور water turbulence ...
فکر کنم قاعده اش این باشه که گاهی کلمه ی اول که قراره دومی به اون نسبت داده بشه ، به صورت صفت میاد..مثلاً sky wave که به صورت موج فضایی معنی میشه و نه موج فضا...
باز اگه توضیحی بدین خوشحال میشم بیش تر بدونم...


7- "چند روزه" چی میشه؟ multi ، some ، several ، از کدوم میشه در ترکیب با day استفاده کرد؟


8- "به آب زدن" ، یه اصطلاح دیدم دربارش: splash into the water ، نمی دونم دقیقه یا نه...



9- "وجودم را در بر می گیرد" رو چی بگیم؟ comes upon my soul خوبه؟


10- "به خود آوردن" ناگهان صدایی مرا به خود آورد (از حالت قبلی بیرون آورد) ،
اگه تو فارسی به هشیار کردن یا بیدار کردن تعبیرش کنیم ، میشه از awaken استفاده کرد ، نظرتون چیه؟


فعلاً همینا! : دی

[seymour]

اینا از قبلی موند:

زندگی کوچ نشینی: tribal life (هر چند این میشه زندگی قبیله ای ، ولی decamping یا migrating life به نظرم قشنگ نیومد)
یه سوال دیگه: جمله ی علت نامگذاری x تحت y ، فلان و فلان است چی میشه؟ احتمالاً باید از nomenclature استفاده بشه...

چند سوال جدید:



3- "خودمونیم ها!" چی میشه؟ می دونید که چیو میگم؟ مثلاً : خودمونیم ها! عجب دست فرمونی داشت!
همین در مورد "بین خودمان بماند" هم صادقه؟


4- "بماند" رو چه معادلی براش بیاریم؟ مثلاً : - شماره تلفنش چنده؟ - بماند!

5- "اوه راستی!" چی میشه؟ by the way گاهی بعترین معادل نیست ، مثلاً : اوه راستی! یادمان رفته بود...

6- "جریان رودخانه" "river's current" بهتره یا "river current" ؟ 
در این مورد آپوستروف فکر کنم قبلاً بحث بوده ، گشتم چیزی پیدا نکردم ، اگه پستی بوده لینک بدید ، اگه نه ، یه توضیح مختصر که در کدوم موارد s' میاریم و در کدوم موارد ، نه...
مثلاً : sunlight یا sun's light - همین طور: water pressure و water's pressure - یا river beach که به صورت river's beach هم میاد...همین طور water turbulence ...
فکر کنم قاعده اش این باشه که گاهی کلمه ی اول که قراره دومی به اون نسبت داده بشه ، به صورت صفت میاد..مثلاً sky wave که به صورت موج فضایی معنی میشه و نه موج فضا...
باز اگه توضیحی بدین خوشحال میشم بیش تر بدونم...


7- "چند روزه" چی میشه؟ multi ، some ، several ، از کدوم میشه در ترکیب با day استفاده کرد؟


8- "به آب زدن" ، یه اصطلاح دیدم دربارش: splash into the water ، نمی دونم دقیقه یا نه...



9- "وجودم را در بر می گیرد" رو چی بگیم؟ comes upon my soul خوبه؟


10- "به خود آوردن" ناگهان صدایی مرا به خود آورد (از حالت قبلی بیرون آورد) ،
اگه تو فارسی به هشیار کردن یا بیدار کردن تعبیرش کنیم ، میشه از awaken استفاده کرد ، نظرتون چیه؟


فعلاً همینا! : دی

شرمنده، من از نظر وقت یه مقدار محدودیت دارم، چندتاش رو میگم: (تا وقتی که مامانم صدام بزنه!!!)


کوچ نشین: من فکر می کنم یه واژه که قشنگ تر و جامع تر باشه nomad و Nomadic people و Nomadic life باشه .. (آیرون میدن هم یه آهنگ به این نام داشت)

//

علت نامگذاری x تحت y : من متوجه نشدم دقیقاً سوال چیه .. یعنی میخوای "علت نامگذاری" رو به انگلیسی ترجمه کنیم؟ ... یعنی همون "وجه تسمیه" ؟ ... در اینصورت مثلاً میشه گفت " it's called so because.." یا یه الگوی دیگه، استفاده از hence the name هستش که در [ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ] توضیح داده ام.

//


خودمونیم ها: میشه گفت (this is) between ourselves ...

//

بماند: اگه بخوایم روی جنبه "به حال خودش بذار باشه" تاکید کنیم، میشه گفت let it be ... (به یاد ترانه جان لنون) ... اما اگه بخوایم روی جنبه "طفره رفتن از پاسخ" بخوایم مانور بدیم میشه صرفاً واژه because رو با لحن "مناسب"(!) ادا کرد تا همون اثر رو بذاره!

//

اوه راستی: چه اشکال داره؟... به نظرم توی مثالی که زدی هم بشه از by the way استفاده کرد ... ضمن اینکه بحث لحن خیلی موثره ... بهرحال من چیز دیگه ای به ذهنم نمیاد.. مگه اینکه کلاً بریم سراغ گزینه دیگه که در چنین شرایطی استفاده میشه مثلا crap! we forgot to....

//

.. خب ، مامانم صدام زد!

[Ramana]

Dealing With Difficult English Verbs

Unlike many other languages, there are many verbs in English that don’t follow basic rules – making it frustrating for non-native speakers to learn. In many cases, you’re likely to find that irregular verbs are actually more common than ones that follow syntax guidelines! As a result, you may need to rely on sentence cues to determine what, if any, actions are being described. In many cases, even if a verb is irregular, you can still use these cues to arrive at the meaning the author or speaker is trying to convey.

Locating Verbs Based on Noun Position

To begin, if you can recognize a noun within a sentence, chances are you will also find a verb following it that will help you decipher the rest of the sentence. Using this method can help you improve your reading comprehension, as well as eliminate reliance on syntax rules that don’t address many situations. This method will also help you determine the timing of the sentence and the actions that were taken. In addition, once you know where nouns are in relation to verbs, you’ll also be able to decipher the subject of the sentence.

For example, if you look at the sentence “David washed the laundry”, you’ll immediately realize that David is a noun. “Washed” the next word, is a verb that is describing the action that David is taking. In this case, you can recognize that the word has an “-ed” ending, which indicates that the action – washing – has happened in the past. In another example, “David walks with his dog”, you can again find the verb immediately after the noun.

Using Syllable Structures to Isolate Verbs

In many cases, if you suspect that you are dealing with an irregular verb, you can break the word in question down to syllables. As you put the word back together, you should be able to recognize a root word that is based on some kind of action. For example, the word “skipping” breaks down into two syllables – “skip” and “ing”. As you can see, once you remove the “-ing” suffix, you are left with a word that describes a specific kind of motion.

Unfortunately, the “-ing” ending doesn’t always help you determine the time frame of the action. In order to determine this, once again you’ll need to find out who is taking the action and then look for words that offer a time frame in the sentence. In this case, skipping could be proceeded by “was”, “is”, or even “will be”. As you can see, each preceding time frame creates an entirely different meaning for the verb.

Even though English verbs are some of the most difficult aspects of the language, it’s worth your while to gain proficiency with them. That said, if you’re going to try and learn English based on exact rules, you’ll have a difficult time. As with any other language, it is important to be able to comprehend what you are hearing or reading in the context of meaning. Breaking words down into fundamental sounds will give you clues about their meaning and importance, enabling you to understand English verb tenses much more quickly

[Ramana]

stress

Stress is common to everyone. Our bodies are designed to feel stress and react to it. It keeps us alert and ready to avoid danger. It is not always possible to avoid or change events that may cause stress. We can feel trapped and unable to cope. When stress persists, the body begins to break down and illnesses can occur. The key to coping with stress is identifying stressors in your life and learning ways to direct and reduce stress.

What is stress?

Stress is your reaction to any change that requires you to adjust or respond. It's important to remember that you can learn to control stress, because stress comes from how you respond to stressful events.

What causes stress?

Stress can be caused by anything that requires you to adjust to a change in your environment. Your body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. We all have our own ways of coping with change, so the causes of stress can be different for each person. Common causes include:

• Death
• Illnesses
• Accidents
• Marriage
• Pregnancy
• Divorce
• Job change
• Deadlines
• Moving
• Money problems
• Confrontations
• Crowds
• Heavy traffic
• Legal problems
• Retirement

When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may be helpful for you to know the warning signs of stress. Once you can identify these signs, you can learn how your body responds to stress. Then you can take steps to reduce it.

What are the warning signs of stress?

Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress.

Emotional warning signs include:

• Anxiety
• Sleep disruption
• Anger
• Inability to concentrate
• Unproductive worry
• Sadness
• Frequent mood swings

Physical warning signs include:

• Stooped posture
• Sweaty palms
• Chronic fatigue
• Weight gain or loss
• Physical symptoms that your doctor cannot attribute to another condition

Behavioral warning signs include:

• Over-reacting
• Acting on impulse
• Using alcohol or drugs
• Withdrawing from relationships
• Changing jobs often
• Feeling agitated most of the time

What can I do to reduce stress?

• Keep a positive attitude.
• Accept that there are events that you cannot control.
• Be assertive instead of aggressive. "Assert" your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive.
• Learn to relax.
• Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.
• Eat well-balanced meals.
• Rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.
• Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to reduce stress.

How can I learn to relax?

There are a number of exercises that you can do to relax. These exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, relaxation to music, and biofeedback. A few that you can try are listed below. First, be sure that you have:

• A quiet location that is free of distractions.
• A comfortable body position. Sit or recline on a chair or sofa.
• A good state of mind. Try to block out worries and distracting thoughts.

Relaxation exercises

2-minute relaxation-- Concentrate your thoughts on yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, exhaling slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped. Quickly loosen up these areas. Let go of as much tension as you can. Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. (Stop any movements that cause pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all of your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and exhale slowly. You should feel more relaxed.

Mind relaxation-- Close your eyes. Breathe normally through your nose. As you exhale, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful" or a short phrase such as "I feel quiet" or "I'm safe." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.

Deep breathing relaxation- -Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breath into that spot and fill your abdomen with air. Let the air fill you from the abdomen up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed

Best wishes & good luck with the exams.

[Ramana]

Five Ways to Improve Your English Reading Comprehension

Improving your ability to read English quickly and accurately takes a great deal of practice. However, you don’t have to read boring materials that or ones that contain words and concepts you aren’t interested in. Once you know the basic elements of the English language, you can select from a wide variety of reading materials, including different methods of presentation. Here are a few fun ways to improve your reading comprehension.

Play word games

Today, crossword puzzles and other types of word game puzzles entertain native and non-native English speakers of all ages. If you’re looking for a way to improve your vocabulary and have fun at the same time, these types of puzzles can be of immense help to you. If this is something that interests you, you might also consider Scrabble, word searches and other similar games.

Take a speed reading course

If you aren’t interested in word games, you might want to try taking a course in speed reading. These lessons will teach you how to pick key words out of a paragraph and understand the message without having to read each sentence word for word. That said, if you’re having difficulty isolating nouns and verbs, you may need to practice more before you try taking these courses.

Take notes on subjects that interest you

If you’re reading a book on a topic that you enjoy, take some notes. These can be verbatim samples from the text or you can try putting sections in your own words. As you write, you’ll also have an opportunity to think about the sentence structures and see how ideas are conveyed. This will help you learn to discuss these topics in a way that sounds more natural.

Select materials that will challenge you

Just like with physical exercise, you need to constantly set new goals for yourself so that you continue to progress and improve. For example, if you’re able to work your way through a 100 page children’s book, it’s time to start tackling a longer book or one on a more difficult topic. Regardless of which subjects interest you the most, you’ll be able to find some books that are harder to comprehend than others. By applying yourself to the ones that are more difficult, you’ll gain increased mastery over written English.

Read materials from many different authors

Considering the number of people that have websites, it’s easy to sample a wide range of English writing styles. This will help you to learn about the flexibility of the English language, as well as the means of expression that most people are comfortable with. If you already know a great deal about a certain topic in your native language, you can use that background to help you read websites in English that focus on similar concepts.

For the most part, once you know the basic elements of the English language, practice and time will be your most valuable teachers. It’s important to spend time reading materials that interest you in as many forms as possible – and to spice up your practice with things like word games and speed reading classes. Over time – and with hard work – you’ll see dramatic improvements in your comprehension of written English

[Ramana]

Some Tips for Learning How to Speak English

Irregardless of the language that you are trying to learn, connecting the way words sound with how they look on paper is a difficult task. Because the pronunciation rules for English are not consistent, you may often come to points where you will have a difficult time determining how to say things correctly.

It is also important to realize that the English has accents and dialects like any other language. As a result, you may feel confused when you are told to pronounce a word in a certain way, only to hear it spoken in a different way by someone else. Nevertheless, there are still a number of methods that you can use to develop your English speaking skills.

Using a Tape Recorder

In many cases, when you are concentrating on how to form sounds, you may not be aware of how they actually turn out. A tape recorder is very useful for helping you learn the results of your efforts. As you listen, you will be able to hear the difference in what you intended to sound out, and what actually occurred. You can also compare these results to tapes of native English speakers and work on specific sound groups that are difficult to manage. A tape recorder will also help you learn how to control the pace of your speech, as well as your breathing pattern.

Listen and Repeat Numerous Dialects and Accents

Once you have mastered the basic sounds, it may be helpful to listen to these words spoken by people with different accents. As an example, you might want to try and imitate everything from Texan accents to Irish ones. In the process, you may find that some letter pronunciations fit better with your own natural speech patterns.

As you listen and repeat from tapes, it is very important to experiment and find out what will make you speech clear and understandable. You can also find numerous samples of spoken English on the internet. If you visit sites like You Tube, it is possible to download videos on just about any subject. Some video producers may even have content available that shows you the proper lip and tongue positions to form specific sounds. You can also select materials that match a hobby or other personal interest, and gain the benefit of hearing a native English speaker at the same time.

Voice Chat

At some point, you will want to gain steady practice in conversational English. If your computer is equipped with a sound card and microphone, you may be able to find internet chat rooms that also support voice chat. That said, you may not find this of much help if your internet connection is too slow.

Unfortunately, learning to verbalize in English will be very difficult if you do not actually speak out loud. If you cannot find someone to practice with, you can still use a tape recorder, or practice with videos. On the other hand, if your computer has the necessary hardware, you may find that you have unlimited opportunities to carry on conversations with native English speakers from all over the world.

[Ramana]

Ten tips to build English vocabulary

Feeling overwhelmed trying to memorize so many vocabulary words? It doesn't need to be a daunting task! Check out these top strategies and practical pointers that can help you build your word power!

Connect: It's easier to memorize words based on a common theme. Make your own connections between words and possibly organize them in a spider diagram

Write: Practically using vocabulary can help it stick in your mind. Write sentences with new vocabulary words or compose a story using a group of words or expressions.

Draw: Expose the artist in you by drawing pictures related to the words you study. Your drawings can help trigger your memory in the future.

Act: Get your moves on by acting out words and expressions you learn. Or, imagine and act out a situation where you would need to use them.

Create: Design flashcards in English and study them in your spare time. Each week make new ones, but continue to review all of them.

Associate: Assign different colors to different words. This association will help you recall vocabulary later.

Listen: Think about other words which sound similar to the words you're learning, especially complex words. Associate the other words with this new word to help you remember the pronunciation.

Choose: Remember that topics that interest you will be easier to learn. Therefore, carefully select words that you will find useful or interesting. Even the process of making the choice is a memory aid!

Limit: Don't try to memorize the dictionary in a day! Limit yourself to 15 words per day, and you'll gain confidence instead of feeling overwhelmed.

Observe: Keep an eye out for the words you're studying when reading or listening to English

[Ramana]

Ten tips to build English vocabulary

Ten tips to build English vocabulary

Feeling overwhelmed trying to memorize so many vocabulary words? It doesn't need to be a daunting task! Check out these top strategies and practical pointers that can help you build your word power

Connect: It's easier to memorize words based on a common theme. Make your own connections between words and possibly organize them in a spider diagram

Write: Practically using vocabulary can help it stick in your mind. Write sentences with new vocabulary words or compose a story using a group of words or expressions

Draw: Expose the artist in you by drawing pictures related to the words you study. Your drawings can help trigger your memory in the future

Act: Get your moves on by acting out words and expressions you learn. Or, imagine and act out a situation where you would need to use them

Create: Design flashcards in English and study them in your spare time. Each week make new ones, but continue to review all of them

Associate: Assign different colors to different words. This association will help you recall vocabulary later

Listen: Think about other words which sound similar to the words you're learning, especially complex words. Associate the other words with this new word to help you remember the pronunciation

Choose: Remember that topics that interest you will be easier to learn. Therefore, carefully select words that you will find useful or interesting. Even the process of making the choice is a memory aid

Limit: Don't try to memorize the dictionary in a day! Limit yourself to 15 words per day, and you'll gain confidence instead of feeling overwhelmed

Observe: Keep an eye out for the words you're studying when reading or listening to English