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English article: Marie-Antoinette
if you like to see inter this link

کد:

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http://www.mjanani.persiangig.com/p30world/Marie-Antoinette.pdf

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Egyptian Mythology

if you like to see inter this link

کد:

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http://www.mjanani.persiangig.com/p30world/Egyptian%20Mythology.pdf

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

Here is Where Common Mistakes In English are discussed

I appreciate those who share their Informations with Us

*********************

Accustomed to -not With

Don't say : I'm accustomed with hot weather

say : I'm accustomed to hot weather

***
Afraid of -not from

Don't say :hasan is afraid from the dog

say :hasan is afraid of the dog

***
Angry With - not against

Don't say : The teacher was angry against him

say : The teacher was angry Wth him

Note : we get angry with a person but at a thing : He was angry at the weather-not with

As you know some words have same meaning or close meaning but it is important to consider that we can’t use them in same situation or same time . here is an example of friend all of these words mean friend but with different usage

ALLY
Ally is a person who help and support you, especially when other people are opposing you ……………..She will regret losing a close political ally
.
BUDDY
Buddy is a close friend ,usually a male friend of a man but this word use mainly in American English ………………We became great buddies

CHUM
Chum is a friend but this word is an old-fashioned informal word

COMPANION
Companion is someone who you spend time with or who you are traveling with ………….Fred had been her constant companion for the last six years of her life

COMRADE
Comrade is a friend or companion but this word use as literary……………Unlike so many of his comrades he survived the war

CRONY
Crony is a friend who you spend a lot of time with but this word is informal word……………Daily he returned ,tired and maudlin from lunchtime drinking sessions with his business cronies

MATE
Mate is a friend who is male but this word use as informal British word ……………..A mate of mine used to play soccer for Liverpoo
l
PAL
Pal Is a friend but this word is an old-fashioned and informal word

1. the most important thing for a woman is financial security.

1- برای بیشتر خانوم ها مهم ترین مسئله ،امنیت مالی است.

2. Although this is so important, they still go out and buy expensive

2- با این که امنیت مالی برایشان بسیار مهم است،ولی باز هم بیرون می رن و لباس های گرون- قیمت می خرن.

3. Although they always buy expensive clothes, they never have something To wear.

3- با این که همیشه لباس های گرون قیمت می خرن،ولی مدام میگن که چیزی ندارن بپوشن.

4. Although they never have something to wear, they always dress

4- با این که می گن چیزی ندارن بپوشن، ولی همیشه هم قشنگ و شیک لباس می پوشن.

5. Although they always dress beautifully, their clothes are always just "An old rag".

5- با این که همیشه قشنگ و شیک لباس می پوشن،ولی می گن لباس هام دیگه کهنه و درب و داغونه.

6. Although their clothes are always "just an old rag", they still

6- با این که میگن که لباس هاشون کهنه و درب و داغونه،ولی انتظار دارن که شما همیشه از تیپ شون تعریف کنید.

7. Although they expect you to compliment them, when you do, they don't Believe you

7- با این که همیشه انتظار دارن ازتیپ شون تعریف کنید،ولی وقتی هم شما این کار رو می کنین ...حرف هاتونو باور نمی کنن.

to be continued ...

that was awesome
thanx

1. All men are extremely busy.

1- تمامی آقایون شدیداً گرفتار کار و بیزنس خودشون هستند

2. Although they are so busy, they still have time for women.

2- درحالـی که شدیداً گرفتار کار و بیزنس خودشون هستند،ولی در هر صورت وقت واسه خانوم ها دارند.

3. Although they have time for women, they don't really care for them.

3- در ­حالـی که در هر صورت وقت واسه خانوم ها دارند، ولی اون ها رو به حساب نمی آرن.

4. Although they don't really care for them, they always have one

4- در حالی که اون هارو به حساب نمی آرن، ولی همیشه یکی تو دست و بالشون هست.

5. Although they always have one around them, they always try their Luck with others.

5- در حالی که همیشه یکی تو دست و با لشون هست،ولی بازم شانس‌شون رو روی تور کردن بقیه خانوم ها امتحان می کنن.

6. Although they try their luck with others, they get really pissed off If the women leaves them.

6- درحالی که شانس شونو روی بقیه خانوم ها امتحان می کنن،ولی دستپاچه می شن وقتی زنی ترکشون می کنه.

7. Although the women leaves them they still don't learn from their Mistakes and still try their luck with others

7- درحالی که دستپاچه می شن وقتی زنی ترکشون می کنه، ولی بازم درس عبرت نمی گیرن وهنوز هم می خوان شانس شون رو روی بقیه خانوم ها امتحان کنند.

hi every body. some body else wrote for me and i write it for you. read and enjoy.
Secret #1: LEARN ABOUT WORD STRESS

Word Stress is golden key number one for speaking and
understanding English. Word Stress is *very important*.
You can try to learn about Word Stress. This is one of
the *best* ways for you to understand spoken English -
especially English spoken fast.

What is Word Stress?

Take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic,
for example. Do they sound the same when spoken? No!
They sound different, because *one* syllable in each
word is "stressed" (stronger than the others).

PHOtograph

phoTOgrapher

photoGRAPHic

This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables:
TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting,
imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETera

The syllables that are not stressed are 'weak' or
'small' or 'quiet'. Native speakers of English listen
for the stressed syllables, not the weak syllables. If
you use Word Stress in your speech, you will instantly
and automatically improve your pronunciation and
your comprehension.

If you have an English teacher, ask her(or him) to help you
understand Word Stress. Try to hear the stress in words
each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in
films for example. Your first step is to *hear* and
recognise it. After that, you can *use* it!
Secret #2: SENTENCE STRESS

Sentence Stress is golden key number two for speaking
and understanding English. With Sentence Stress, some
*words* in a sentence are "stressed" (loud) and other
words are weak (quiet). Look at the following sentence:

We want to go.

Do we say every word with the same stress or force? No!
We make the important words *big* and the unimportant
words small. What are the important words in this
sentence? Yes, you're right: WANT and GO.

We WANT to GO.

We WANT to GO to WORK.

We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK.

We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK at NIGHT.

It's impossible to explain everything about Sentence
Stress in this text. The important thing for you is
that you know it exists and try to learn about it.
Sentence Stress is *very important*!
Secret #3: LISTEN! LISTEN! LISTEN!

Students sometimes say: 'I don't listen to the BBC news
on the radio because it's too fast for me and I can't
understand it.' That's a pity! When it's too fast for
you, when you can't understand it, that is exactly when
you NEED to listen to it!!!

How can you improve if you don't listen and practise?

When you were a baby, did you understand your own
language? When you were 3 weeks old, or 2 months, or 1
year, did you understand everything? Of course not! But
you *learned* to understand by *listening*. Think about
it. You learned to understand your own language by
listening, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. After that,
you learned to speak. Then you learned to read. And then
you learned to write. *But listening came first!*
Secret #4: DON'T LISTEN!

In the last secret I said LISTEN! LISTEN! LISTEN!
Now I say DON'T LISTEN! What do I mean?!

Do you know the difference between the verbs TO LISTEN
and TO HEAR? TO LISTEN is active. TO HEAR is passive.
Sometimes you can LISTEN too hard. Sometimes you can TRY
too hard. Sometimes it is better only to HEAR. Let the
radio play. Let the cassette play. But DON'T listen.
Just HEAR. Your subconscious will listen for you. And
you will still learn. If you listen and try to
understand, you may block on one word and get
frustrated. Don't worry! Just HEAR! Believe me, you will
still be learning. The important thing is to let the
radio or cassette or television or record PLAY. Let it
play. And you - you do nothing. Your brain will HEAR,
your subconscious will LISTEN and you will LEARN!
Secret #5: IMPROVE YOUR VOCABULARY WITH 5 WORDS A DAY

Vocabulary is easy! How many days in a year are there?
365, normally (on Earth).

If you learn only 5 new words a day, you will learn 5 x
365 = 1,825 new words in a year. ONE THOUSAND, EIGHT
HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE WORDS. That is a lot of new
words. And we are not counting all the other words you
will learn in other ways - reading, conversation etc.
Buy a notebook and write in 5 new words EACH day, EVERY
day. Learn them! You will soon have an excellent
vocabulary.
Secret #7: REVISE! REVISE! REVISE!

If you revise, you'll improve your learning by 100%.

What does "to revise" mean? It means "to read again".
You should be systematic about this. When you learn
something, you should note it. Then you should *look at
it again*, 3 times:
- after 1 day
- after 1 week
- after 1 month

Each time you revise, test yourself.

Learn, revise, test.
Revise, test.
Revise, test.

NOTE:
revise (BrE): read again to improve one's knowledge
revise (BrE & AmE): read and correct; update

سلام دوستان ایا مطلبی جالب در باره ی
Graphology or handwriting analysis
دارین اگر لطف کنین هر چه سریع تر جواب بدین ممنون می شم جالب باشه بشه سر کلاس مطرحش کرد
از ت خیلی منون می شم اگر مطلب بزارین البته هر چه شما بزارین ارزش خواس خودشو داره که با دنیا نمی شه عوضش کرد
موفق باشین

History of Graphology
HISTORY
"It has long been accepted by all societies that the signature of a man can be used to identify his transactions: this signature is now accepted by law, on bonds, deeds and other official documents. If you make an affidavit for a Court of Law, you confirm it with your signature. By writing your signature on a cheque you dispose of your own money. To forge another person's signature is a crime heavily punished by the criminal law of every country."
Dr Eric Singer.

We all recognize writing on envelopes from close friends and relatives and have noted that our own handwriting suffers when we are under emotional or physical stress. Therefore it is not surprising that efforts should be made to compare handwriting with emotions, with character and with strengths and weaknesses.

In 1875, the French Abbot, Jean Hyppolyte Michon, coined the phrase "Graphology", from the Greek: "Graph" meaning, 'To write' or 'I write', and "Logos" meaning 'doctrine' or 'theory'. Although the term 'graphology' is relatively recent, however, the subject itself dates back many centuries, having originally (as far as we can tell) been taken from Southern India to China and from there to Greece, circa 2,000 BC. Coming closer to present day, relatively speaking, Aristotle wrote: "Just as all men do not have the same speech sounds, neither do they all have the same writing", and Confuscius is recorded as having observed, "Handwriting can infallibly show whether it comes from a person who is noble-minded or from one who is vulgar". But it is not until 1622 that the study of handwriting was put into print, by the Italian Camillo Baldi, "How to recognize from a letter the nature and quality of a writer". This was little more than a collection of random observations though, and remained virtually unnoticed.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the German, Lavater, and the Frenchmen, Edouard Hocquart and Abb順landrin, developed the art of interpreting handwriting. But it was not until the second half of the century, when Michon published the results of his many years research into individual handwriting movements, that the subject began to arouse public interest. His method gained popularity owing to its simplicity; he studied certain elements in handwriting, namely the 'stroke', the 'letters', the 'words', the 'baseline', 'paragraphs', 'free movements' ('i' dots and 't' bars), 'flourishes', 'punctuation' and 'paraphs'. However, his method of allocating one specific movement to represent one aspect of character, and in particular his assertion that the lack of a movement indicated the opposite characteristic, is now recognized as only being partly accurate. Michon's successors, particularly his student, Jule Crepieux-Jamin disagreed with this principle, and also with the practice of attributing rigid interpretations to single signs.

Crepieux-Jamin, who spent his life collating and improving upon Michon's observations, is today credited with founding the "Societ順rancais de Graphologie". He defined the various elements of handwriting which today form the basis of the French school of graphology, and divided these elements into seven categories: Dimension, Form, Pressure, Speed, Direction, Layout and Continuity.

To every element in the handwriting, Crepieux-Jamin attributed a range of possible meanings; he insisted that the value of any given sign is not fixed and that its significance and interpretation can vary depending upon the other features in the writing. This theory is now supported by all professional graphologists. In other words, no single feature in handwriting can be taken reliably to represent anything about the writer, unless it is supported by other factors in the writing.

At approximately the same time in Germany, William T Preyer recognized the fact that 'handwriting' is in fact 'brainwriting'. He correctly postulated that should the writer lose his writing arm, as did Nelson for example, and have to use the opposite hand, or even the mouth or foot as in the case of paralysis, the same basic tendencies will appear in the script, although obviously not executed with such fluency at first.

In 1897, the 2nd "Graphological Periodical" was founded in Germany by Hans Busse (who also formed the Association for Graphological Research). The chief contributors were Dr Georg Meyer and Busse's assistant editor, Dr Ludvig Klages. Meyer's work was important, but even his greatest contributions were overshadowed by the eminence of Klages. Later, Klages moved to Switzerland where he was to continue his research work and create the first complete and systematic theory of graphology.

Also in Switzerland, Dr Max Pulver, a renowned psychologist who had a deep interest in graphology, was to make a further contribution, in terms of the symbolism in handwriting, both in direction and in symbolism of space. His division of the handwriting into the three vertical 'zones' explains aspects of the handwriting previously misunderstood, with his formulation of the 'Three Dimensions' - vertical movement, horizontal movement, and depth - providing an integral understanding of graphology as we know it today.

These latter graphologists, Preyer, Klages and Pulver, made greater attempts than their predecessors to appreciate the inner psychological causes of graphic expression. They were able to draw upon a more highly developed understanding of a psychological characterology which for the first time attempted to penetrate the psyche of the writer.

Many books began to appear as the subject gained public interest, some of whose authors also furthered the science of graphology, including:
Robert Saudek, A Czech Graphologist who came to live in England, is acknowledged as having established "speed" in handwriting. Today, no serious graphologist would consider assessing handwriting without first ascertaining the speed.
Hans Jacoby, a contemporary of Saudek's, also produced books aimed at the general public, based upon what he termed "the science of the expression of movements", revealing that gestures seen in the writer's body language, i.e. manner of walking, expressive movements of hands and arms, etc., were also reflected in the handwriting.
Alfred O Mendel, whose book "Personality in Handwriting" included a lengthy dissertation on pressure in handwriting, in which he introduced a new approach to the interpretation given to direction of pressure, depending upon the writer's personal proclivities, and demonstrated that this single subject could be broken down into many different areas, each of which indicated highly revealing aspects of the writer.
Klara Roman, a Hungarian graphologist who emigrated to the USA, included the results of considerable research into pressure in her excellent book, "Handwriting, A Key To Personality" (recently reprinted by the Institute).
And in Germany, Professor Rudolph Pophal (whose books are currently being translated into English) who held the Chair in Psychology and Graphology at the University of Hamburg, brought graphology into the area of research and made many discoveries related to brain and muscle structuring, which confirmed the earlier assertion of Preyer's, that handwriting is indeed 'brainwriting'.
(All books available from the Administration Manager)
GRAPHOLOGY COMES TO BRITAIN
Although fairly well established on the European continent, notably Germany and France, graphology was largely unknown in this country until the second world war. At that time, many graphologists, amongst them Dr Eric Singer (a student of Klages) came to Britain, hoping to continue their profession here, only to find the subject virtually unknown. In order to bring it to the attention of the public, several graphologists began producing "popular" books for 'the man in the street', including Singer's "Graphology For Everyman" (now available in the trilogy of Singer's books, "A Manual of Graphology"). This was a breakthrough in the subject with public reaction indicating the demand for more information on the subject.

In 1982 the 'Graphology Society' was formed by journalist and author of several graphological books, Patricia Marne and her colleague John Beck. The Graphology society offered the first meeting place with regular lectures, for anyone interested in the subject.

The following year, Francis T Hilliger (a student of Dr Singer's) founded The British Institute of Graphologists which was constitutionally formed with elected committee, regular meetings and a quarterly journal, "The Graphologist".

Frank Hilliger devised a system of graphology which further simplified the process of analysing handwriting, reducing the number of categories within signs, based upon a method for establishing the speed and form level of the writing. His system was much less complicated and therefore easier to learn, proving so successful that upon setting up the Institute the "Hilliger" system was adopted as examination syllabus.

How Graphology Fools People
Barry L. Beyerstein, Ph.D.
To the casual observer, handwriting analysis enjoys greater plausibility than other occult or pseudoscientific ways of reading personality. Take astrology or palmistry, for instance. It is hard for a thinking person today to imagine how the stars or creases on the palm could affect human behavior. But it seems at least possible that, inasmuch as writing is a form of expressive behavior, it might reveal something about ourselves. After all, our mannerisms and choice of clothing, jewelry, and hair styles seem to do so -- at least to some degree. Moreover, because writing and personality are both controlled by the brain, the suggestion that they could be related doesn't seem inherently absurd. And since both personality and handwriting are undeniably idiosyncratic, many consider it reasonable that one might reflect the other. Nonetheless, despite their surface plausibility each of these arguments is seriously flawed.

Graphologists have largely convinced an uninformed public that their craft is a scientifically respectable way of assessing personality, aptitudes, and predilections. This is reinforced by the unfortunate fact that many large corporations do consult graphologists. Similarly, many people assume that graphology must be legitimate because it has occasionally been accepted in court. And many skeptics have accepted free offers to have their writing analyzed and found, to their surprise, that the portrayal seemed remarkably accurate.

This article deals with each of these areas. Following a brief historical introduction, I shall present the logical and scientific objections to graphology. I shall then attempt to explain why a practice that consistently fails scientific tests can seem so convincing to intelligent people who run across it in everyday settings.

What is Graphology?
Graphology is the allegedly scientific practice of determining people's psychological, social, occupational, and medical attributes from the configuration of their letters, lines, and paragraphs on a page. Graphologists strenuously deny (though there is evidence to the contrary) that they attend to the contents of the scripts they scrutinize. They claim to reveal character traits and state of health solely from the form and distribution of the writing itself. If graphologists claimed nothing more than that cultured people might write with a cultivated hand, or that stingy people fill every corner of the page to avoid wasting paper, there would be little dispute. But the assertion is not merely that tidy people write neatly (which isn't always the case anyway)—they claim handwriting reveals the larceny in your heart.

The term "Graphoanalysis" is the registered trademark of a particular school of handwriting analysis, the International Graphoanalysis Society, of Chicago, Illinois. In this chapter "graphology" and "handwriting analysis" will be used interchangeably but "Graphoanalysis" or "Graphoanalyst" will refer only to followers of the Chicago school. Founded in 1929, it is the best-established of the training organizations. It offers mail-order courses, publishes its own journal, and confers official-sounding certification on its graduates. Graphoanalysts are also the most vocal in claiming scientific status while denying that of their rivals [1].

Such backbiting among graphological factions is frequent. There are over thirty graphological societies in the U.S. alone, with many using methods that a proponent says are "not easily combined with other systems." [2] This lack of standardization is compounded by the fact that many local practitioners make up their own intuitive schemes. While there are some concepts common to most systems of handwriting analysis, there are equally notable disputes as to what the various "signs" mean. Take, for instance, two books by internationally known graphologists that I reviewed: one considers a certain way of crossing t's indicative of a vicious, sadistic temperament, the other says it's a sign of a practical joker. Which do you hope is advising your boss?

The History of Graphology
Graphology is a branch of the large, diverse group of practices collectively known as "character reading." Since ancient times, people have been fascinated by human variability and the uniqueness of the individual. It is on this basis that we apportion life's richest prizes and most dreadful punishments. Obviously, those whose fates hang in the balance have a strong incentive to present a favorable face to the world, and for that reason, hucksters promising to cut through what is euphemistically called "impression management" have always found an eager clientele. Think of the advantages if potential employers, landlords, spouses, business associates, or courts of law could quickly and accurately reveal "what someone is really like." At various times, it has been assumed that such a window on anyone's inner make-up could be gained by interpreting the positions of the stars (astrology), the features of the face (physiognomy), the lines on the hand (palmistry), bumps on the head (phrenology), and the shape and distribution of handwriting (graphology). Although modern graphologists have tried to disavow all links to their occult cousins, handwriting analysis, in its origins, its underlying rationale, and its New Age affiliations, retains obvious ties to these magical character reading methods [1,3,4] Readers seeking a more detailed history of graphology should consult the chapter by Nickell [4] on which the following brief summary is based.

There are ancient Chinese, Greek, and Roman, as well as early Jewish and Christian ancestors of graphology, but its modern incarnation can be traced to the speculations of the seventeenth-century Italian physician, Camillo Baldi. The most recognizable forebears of current devotees, however, are to be found among an influential group of Catholic clergy in nineteenth-century France. A disciple of that circle, Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon, coined the term "graphology" and, in Paris in 1871, founded The Society of Graphology. Michon's several books remain influential today. He is the progenitor of the so-called "analytic" approach which ascribes specific traits to people based on isolated "signs" in writing, such as placement of dots on i's and crossbars on t's. Michon's student, Crepieux-Jamin, broke with his master to become the founder of what is known today as the "holistic" or "gestalt" approach. Rather than attending to individual elements of letters, etc., Crepieux-Jamin advocated a more intuitive, impressionistic perusal whereby the analyst absorbs an overall "feel" for the writer by a vague sort of "resonance" with the script as a whole. Partisans of the analytic and the holistic approaches have perpetuated this split to the present day.

French graphologists continued to dominate the field until the early twentieth century when they started to be eclipsed by German-speaking authors. At that time, figures such as Preyer, Meyer, Klages, Pulver, and Teltscher began to suggest that writing was a sub-species of expressive movement and that mental processes and emotionality could be read by analyzing this kind of psychomotor behavior. Realizing that the brain is responsible for both psychological traits and the control of writing, they attempted to justify their personality readings with the assertion that "handwriting is brainwriting." This still remains graphology's most prevalent defensive cliché (see below).

In the 1930s, the Czech-English graphologist Saudek, attempted to introduce more rigorous, mechanized ways of measuring writing movements. Increasing the precision of measures that are of doubtful value in the first place must rank as a dubious contribution, however. Early in this century, graphological speculation began to emerge in North America. Following Downey in 1919 and the arrival of the European emigre Klara Roman, Americans such as M.N. Bunker [5] gradually came to the fore. In 1929, Bunker founded the International Graphoanalysis Society. Handwriting analysis by all estimates continues to grow in popularity throughout North America and Europe but it seems to enjoy the greatest appeal among employers in France and Israel. In modern China, reading personality from calligraphy seems not to have permeated official circles but it remains a popular folk superstition [3].

The Underlying Rationale
Present-day graphologists maintain that their venerable ancestors have taken graphology well beyond its occult beginnings when itinerant conjurers wandered the countryside practicing the art. Be that as it may, perusal of the latest graphology texts reveals that the seminal concepts remain precisely what they were in the beginning. Claims of scientific improvements notwithstanding, my review of dozens of books touted by well-known graphologists shows that, like all other systems of augury or divination, the underpinnings of graphology remain the ancient principles of sympathetic magic [1]. I should note in passing that it is not encouraging when aspirants to scientific status respond to critics' requests for the technical treatises of their trade with the same works hawked by popular magazines and New Age booksellers. Asked for supporting evidence, one prominent graphologist referred me to a laudatory article in Playboy. A few pro-graphology articles have made it into refereed journals [6,7], but on balance, they fall far short of establishing the case, theoretically [1] or empirically [8].

The essence of all magical thinking is sympathetic correspondence, i.e., "like begets like." This is also known in mystical lore as "The Law of Similarity." If two things can be associated mentally, they allegedly enjoy a certain "sympathy" or "resonance." Either can then be used to reveal or influence the other via their magical interconnectedness. For example, sympathy can be established through a conceptual link such as ownership. This supposedly allows a psychic to describe someone who owned an object by absorbing the "vibrations" he or she imparted to it. Similar beliefs in mind over matter are apparent among tribes who hope to assure a successful hunt by symbolically "slaying" wooden models of their prey and voodoo priests who think they can injure adversaries by mutilating their effigies.

Astrology provides a classic example of how sympathetic magic is used to ascribe attributes to strangers. As we shall see, the parallels with graphology are striking. Astrology arose in the dim past when observers of the night sky were reminded of crabs, bulls, twins, etc., by various clusters of stars. There was nothing inevitable about those particular associations and different cultures mentally superimposed different objects on the same constellations. Nonetheless, for historical reasons, the currently accepted ones have survived [9]. In essence, astrology boils down to the following: (a) The stellar configuration reminds me of a bull (i.e., "Taurus"); (b) Bulls are plodding, stubborn, and obdurate; and (c) Therefore, those born with this constellation in the appropriate position are condemned, by sympathetic infusion of these bull-like qualities, to grow up to be dull, loutish drudges as well.

Elsewhere [1] I have presented numerous examples to show that very latest graphological celebrities still rely on these same principles of sympathetic magic to derive a writer's attributes from his or her script. Graphologists have done their best to disguise this fact by embedding their speculations in modern-sounding psychobabble, but one need only compare their "signs" with the traits they supposedly denote to see that the basis of the ascriptions is entirely allegorical. Since my critique appeared, I have debated many graphologists; none has been able to refute this claim. Space permits me to provide only a few examples of graphological augury here (for complete citations and verbatim excerpts, see my critique [1]. The following are selected from texts highly recommended by practicing graphologists.

The founders of every school of graphology began with the implicit assumption that whatever metaphors the features of an individual's script bring to mind are necessarily descriptive of the writer as well. This kind of free association and symbolic interpretation underlies all divining practices [10]. This remains as true of graphology today as it was when ancient oracles foretold the fates of kings by assuming that mental associations triggered by the shapes of animal entrails would be re-enacted in the affairs of the realm. In another old auguring practice, molybdomancy, the oracle would drop molten lead on a flat surface and interpret the shape it assumed as it solidified—the blob, it seems, magically adopts the shape of things to come. After perusing the following examples, you can decide for yourself whether graphology has really abandoned its roots in divination.

Note the allegorical thinking in these representative samples culled from graphology textbooks and articles. Wide spacing between words supposedly denotes someone who does not mix easily and is therefore prone to be isolated and lonely. Conversely, writers who crowd their words together are so desperate for companionship that they are indiscriminate in choosing their friends. Writers whose lines drift upward are "uplifting" optimists while those whose lines sag downward are pessimists who constantly feel they are being dragged down. People who draw the upper, middle, and lower sections of their letters equally large have "a good sense of proportion." Those with variable letter slants are unpredictable, or, as one graphologist put it, they are people with "changing inclinations." Writers of unusually large capital I's have large egos and those who write big, "think big." A past president of a major US graphological association asserts that if a married woman pens her signature with larger capitals on her given name than on her husband's surname, she betrays an unhappy marriage. One of Canada's most prominent handwriting gurus describes a writer with crosses on his t's that reminded her of whips, thus revealing his sadistic nature. On the health front, my informants claimed that low writing pressure signals low blood pressure and ragged upper loops are diagnostic of heart disease. And a break between upper and lower portions of letters is a sure sign of back problems. My favorite ascription, though, is the widely held belief in the graphological community that large, bulbous loops on g's, y's, etc.—i.e., ones that dangle lasciviously below the lines—reveal a strong --- drive. Divination by sympathetic magic, or what? At least one can barbecue the ox after examining its entrails.

The Consequences
All the foregoing would be touchingly naive, even comical, were it not for the fact that these self- styled experts offer advice where it can seriously affect people's reputations, well-being, and economic status. For instance, in Vancouver, British Columbia, a prominent graphologist offered to identify, secretly, for preemptive action by the school board, the actual and potential sexual molesters in the local teaching ranks [1]. Others have advised financial institutions on the credit-worthiness of borrowers and many civic governments and large corporations admit to consulting handwriting analysts for pre-employment screening. Graphologists also say they are competent to help select marriage partners and there have been press reports that at least one member of Canada's National Parole Board was privately consulting her graphologist sister to help select those prisoners who were safe to release. Similarly, a judge in Denver, Colorado, was reported to have sentenced a convict to undergo graphotherapy (see below and [11]).

Graphologists with whom I have dealt have had no compunctions about predicting which employees would steal from the corporation, betray proprietary secrets, or become closet alcoholics or drug abusers. I was told by one graphologist that he has a "100% foolproof way" of determining who will become violent on the job. Handwriting analysts have offered to expose philandering spouses from writing samples, and where the police will take them seriously, they are eager to finger supposed criminals. One graphology company offers courses for therapists on how to tell if writers have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. Most shocking of all, many graphologists advertise, as a unique benefit of their services, that inquisitive third parties can submit a sample of writing for analysis and act upon the results, without the writer ever knowing the evaluation took place.

Many graphologists are not been shy about broadcasting their potentially damaging assessments. For instance, when I have asked for evidence that graphology works, I have frequently been shown analyses with names still attached. When my brother and I assisted the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association in trying to dissuade a nearby municipality from continuing to use a graphologist's services, the graphologist, in defending himself before city council, displayed a shocking disregard for the standards of confidentiality we have the right to expect when personnel matters are discussed in public.

Because the attributions are based on symbolism and free association, different schools disagree about which signs are tokens of which traits (just as literary critics endlessly debate the "real meaning" of symbolism in poetry). Thus, you as a prospective employee or borrower could have your reputation blackened if you were unfortunate enough to be secretly assessed by a graphologist of one persuasion but if, by the luck of the draw, your "true nature" was divined by a disciple of another school, you might have sailed through with ease.

Obviously, when the life prospects of unsuspecting people are involved, the use of what would otherwise be a harmless party amusement, ceases to be a laughing matter. To our dismay, when we asked two lawyers (Robert Carswell [12] from Canada and John Reagh [13] from the U.S.) to suggest what constitutional and statutory provisions might apply, they agreed that, in both countries, citizens enjoy very few protections if a private employer decides to consult a graphologist. (The picture is slightly better in some jurisdictions if government hiring is involved.) We can take action against those who discriminate against Blacks, Jews, or women, but it is apparently acceptable if corporations refuse a position or a loan to someone whose only sin is crossing t's in an odd way.

What do Graphologists Claim?
The vast majority of handwriting analysts are self-taught from popular books or trained by self- accredited correspondence schools or unaccredited night school classes. "Watch one, do one, teach one" could be the motto of the field. Although I could not find a single reputable textbook in psychological testing that treated graphology with anything but disdain, graphologists still claim to be a misunderstood and unfairly maligned branch of psychology. Few graphologists, in my experience, have had anything close to an adequate background in psychological measurement or modern personnel methods. Though they claim persecution from a hostile establishment bent on preserving its turf, graphologists seem oblivious to the fact that if their techniques really worked, and the orthodox professionals were as venal as they claim, the licensed practitioners would long ago have stolen these powerful tools and muscled out the self-credentialed amateurs. Sensitive to their resemblance to fortune tellers, graphologists claim they do not foretell the future. But what conceivable value would there be in describing a stranger if it were not assumed that the description would predict how he or she would act in the future?

There are few areas of human nature and mental or physical health that graphologists do not feel competent to assess. That a single technique could apply in so many different areas flies in the face of almost everything in modern research on psychological measurement. Such grandiosity and ignorance of relevant research is almost grounds in itself for dismissing graphology.

Graphologists claim to discern temperament (e.g., self-confidence, optimism, profligacy, complacency, or an explosive temper). They also believe writing reveals mental qualities such as intelligence, reasoning ability, and intuitiveness, and social traits such as introversion, friendliness, and dominance. In the workplace, they claim to rate leadership, reliability, diligence, attention to detail, propensity to be a team-player, and far, far more. On the moral and ethical side, graphologists pass judgement on people's honesty, trustworthiness, generosity, piety, cruelty, jealousy, criminal tendencies, etc.

How to determine marital suitability occupies a large portion of almost every graphology text. Sexuality is also supposed to have a multitude of written signs. Although graphologists typically demand to know the gender of the writer in advance, they are happy to pronounce on his or her secret sexual orientation and/or deviance, as well as promiscuity and capacity for intimacy. Could it be that they want to know gender in advance because it is too simple to check the accuracy of such a guess? (Ironically, untrained novices can discern the gender of writers in an anonymous sample with approximately 70% accuracy.) Probably for similar reasons, handwriting analysts will not guess the writer's age, but are happy to rate slippery attributes like "maturity" that offer plenty of room to fudge if challenged.

The alleged ability to derive medical diagnoses from writing has been alluded to already. As I have explained elsewhere, certain medical problems do affect writing, but in not in the way the graphologists assume [14]. In the psychological sphere, graphologists claim everything from neuroticism and general stability to psychoses, phobias, depression, psychopathy, and a host of other clinical symptoms are all there for the asking.

Many of the aforementioned categories are combined when graphologists approach the criminal justice system. They claim to expose actual or potential criminal behavior as well as deceitfulness, lack of self-control, violence proneness, and sociopathic tendencies. Graphologists say they can help the police apprehend suspects and aid the courts in selecting juries and determining both guilt and appropriate punishment. They also say they can determine likelihood of recidivism and suitability for parole. McNichol's highly touted 1991 textbook, for example, provides exercises on how to spot a murderer, a babysitter who might use drugs, and a shop owner who cheats his customers [15]. Marne's --- and Crime in Handwriting offers numerous ways of exposing different kinds of criminals [16]. Unfortunately, the betraying signs are all recognized after-the-fact in the writing of previously convicted felons. Marne, as usual, offers no evidence that she could reliably identify the guilty parties in an anonymous pile composed of scripts of convicts and upright citizens (and providing, of course, the contents of the scripts contained no useful clues, which they typically do).

It is bad enough that one might lose a coveted position on the basis of bogus advice, but to have one's standing in the community, and possibly even freedom, jeopardized in this way is frightening indeed. How would you feel being branded a thief because you have "desire-for-possession hooks" on your S's? Bunker [5], the founder of Graphoanalysis, the self-proclaimed most scientific school of graphology, seriously contends that these "acquisitive hooks" reveal a disposition to snag others' belongings.

The most transparently absurd claim in the whole field, one so bizarre that not even all graphologists endorse it, is that of "graphotherapeutics." According to believers, not only does handwriting unerringly reveal personal attributes, but if you should dislike any of the traits it discloses, you can expunge them by removing their diagnostic signs from your script [17]. The oh-so-scientific Bunker [5] devotes a whole chapter to showing how "changing handwriting will change personality." This merely underscores the contention that sympathetic magic is the real rationale behind graphology, for the essence of magical thinking is that causes resemble their effects and are therefore interchangeable. Case in point: graphotherapists insist that personality causes writing causes personality. What better evidence of this could we seek than Bunker's [5] assertion: "He [Bunker's client] had made a few changes in his writing—not major changes, and he had achieved results." In this case, the writer, with minor retrenchments in his penmanship, was miraculously redeemed from his previous persona, that of a suicidal spendthrift. Here we see another common attribute of crackpot science, namely that effects are posited which are dramatically disproportionate to the magnitude of their alleged causes. If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.

In philosophy, any doctrine can be dispatched merely by showing it to be internally inconsistent. Graphology is so vague and self-contradictory that devotees have ample room to explain away blatant errors. On the one hand (no pun intended), they say writing is such a sensitive psychological barometer that it varies, moment-to-moment, in response to subtle mood changes. But in the next breath, they will tell you writing is so impervious to change that you cannot hide your true nature by intentionally falsifying your script—the real you will still shine through. Even though normal and disguised script from the same person look different, they still denote the same traits for the graphologist; but if those same disparities were found in the scripts of two different people the graphologist would say they were indicative of different traits. Graphologists also reply to those who say their writing varies in response to haste, writing posture, desire to make an impression, etc., that, though the writing is obviously different on those occasions, it still denotes the same personal attributes. If you try to deceive the graphologist by disguising your handwriting, your rigid personality stubbornly keeps the graphological signs intact, but if you change your writing at the behest of a graphotherapist, your malleable personality will realign itself to reflect the new, improved script. One manual for aspiring graphologists I reviewed cautioned neophytes not to become discouraged, because not everyone with a given sign has the suggested trait and not everyone with the trait has the sign. How could the system ever fail? This ability to be all things to all people makes graphology essentially unfalsifiable. On that ground alone, it can be excluded from the house of science.

Critiques of the "Official" Rationales for Graphology
Before presenting graphology's dismal record in empirical tests, let me first dispose of several oft-heard rationalizations for why handwriting analysis ought to work.

Handwriting is brainwriting. Yes it is, but walking is also controlled by the brain, so should we henceforth refer to it as "brainstepping," as Karnes and Leonard [11] wryly suggest? Why would we think that just because something is controlled by the brain, it necessarily correlates with any other traits, aptitudes or propensities? That is a claim to be supported with evidence, not glibly assumed. Vomiting has an associated center in the brain too. Does that justify using individual regurgitation styles to assess someone's intimate make-up?

In an earlier chapter [14], I maintained that research into the neural substrates of writing and personality actually supplies some of the best arguments against graphology. For instance, brain damage can alter either writing or personality, independently. There is no evidence that if a head injury affects personality, writing will necessarily change too—as it should if graphology were valid. Furthermore, there is no reason to suspect that the brain mechanisms responsible for writing and those for temperament and aptitudes could be linked in the lockstep fashion necessary if graphology were to be taken seriously. Research on the physiological correlates of personality shows that individual traits are not localized in circumscribed brain areas that could conceivably be mapped, one-to-one, onto the minute muscle programs that create particular writing features. In the same chapter, I also noted that the graphologists' naive notions of how the brain determines personality (not to mention their outmoded conceptions of personality itself [18] are virtually identical to those of the discredited system of phrenology. Graphology would require a brain organization akin to that posited by the phrenologists to make it remotely plausible. For this necessary but unlikely brain organization to exist, it would either need to have evolved (and thus be inherited), or be acquired early in life. Either way, the implications for graphology are daunting.

If natural selection shaped brain structure such that it could allow connection of every minute character trait with a unique writing movement, graphologists should be able to suggest what possible survival advantages this profligate use of biological resources might have conferred. So far, no graphologist I am aware of has even realized that this is a serious impediment to scientific acceptance of graphology. Moreover, since the ability to write is, at most, 6,000 years old and the brain evolved to essentially its modern form eons before that, the putative circuits that would eventually link personality and writing must have evolved for some other purpose. What was this stupendous number of presumably dormant neural pathways selected for and what were the selective pressures that pushed the brain in that odd direction so long before humans got around to inventing writing?

If, instead, one views expression of personality in writing as an acquired skill, the difficulties for graphology are equally grave. Since writing is obviously a learned behavior, how does the brain unerringly modify every learned writing movement to make it congruent with each of the numerous traits a child will grow up to express? What kind of mechanism could conceivably ensure that everyone who is destined to be devious will acquire the same neural program, say, to make l-loops in the same way? Do parents ever say, "Susie, you are obviously gifted with leadership talents, be sure to form your capitals in this way, instead of the way your teacher showed you"? Writing also varies across language groups. What differences in early experience in the various linguistic communities ensure that the infant's brain will develop into the appropriate variant so that it will attach emerging personality traits to quite different writing movements if the child happens to learn the Chinese as opposed to the Russian, Arabic, Hebrew, or Roman alphabets? Writing in all of these scripts admittedly becomes personalized, but that individuality arises from biomechanical factors quite different from, and far more interesting than, the graphologists' parochial conjectures [14].

In sum, the graphologists' "brainwriting" argument is true but irrelevant to their claims. This rationale would only be necessary if there were a need to explain a proven relationship between writing and other personal attributes. Unfortunately for graphology, much empirical research, reviewed below, says such correlations are illusory in the first place.

Writing is individualized and personality is unique, so each must reflect the other. Aside from the obvious logical flaw in this argument, why should we accept, without good evidence, that any two admittedly idiosyncratic aspects of a person will necessarily bear any particular relationship to one another? True, forgeries have been exposed and writers of extortion notes convicted on the basis of distinctive penmanship, but does that imply that each of these identifiable writing features is reliably tied to another unique attribute of the author (in that person alone, not to mention everyone else who writes similarly)? Faces are sufficiently different to serve as personal identification on a driver's license, but the state still requires that you take the road test before certifying your driving skills. At one time, though, it was believed that facial features could reveal other personal characteristics. The pseudoscience of physiognomy held there were uniquely honest faces and criminal faces, generous faces and miserly faces. None but the woolliest New Ager could swallow this today. To show that mere uniqueness is no proof that every noticeable earmark is necessarily emblematic of something else, a colleague of mine relates the following story [11]. As a quirky hobby, he trained himself to identify individuals from the distinctive sound of their footsteps in the hallway leading to his office. Many a visitor was un-nerved by being welcomed by name, long before he or she came into view. Here is a subtle, but reliably detectable, personal feature. It may be good for winning bets and amazing one's friends, but would any reasonable person seriously think that this toe-tapping signature would be a good basis for hiring an employee, rejecting a mate, or accusing someone of pilfering from the stockroom?

Writing is a form of expressive movement, so it should reflect our personalities. Elsewhere, I have reviewed the literature on expressive movements and facial expressions and shown why attempts to shore up graphology by appealing to these data fall short [14]. While it is true that there are legitimate studies linking a few global aspects of temperament to certain gestural styles, these data offer no comfort to the graphologists who attempt to ride on their coattails. The kinds of personal styles found to be loosely related to expressive body movements are much more general than the narrow traits the graphologists claim to infer from writing. A tendency to be forceful, irascible, or domineering might be readable from body language but, even there, the correlations are too weak to be useful in making the kind of detailed ascriptions graphologists attempt. And no reputable scientist has ever suggested that something as abstruse as piety or good business sense is any more likely to be encoded in gestures than, say, vegetarianism. Nonetheless, graphologists proudly note that handwriting analysis is mentioned in Allport and Vernon's 1933 classic, Studies in Expressive Movement. They are less quick to tell us, however, that in the estimate of those respected psychologists, "...the [graphological] terms employed often seem to obscure rather than reveal the personality." [19].

Similarly, facial expressions may sometimes betray a lie as it is being uttered, but no competent expert thinks everybody who tends to be duplicitous has a gestural tag for this or any other general inclination of the sort graphologists claim to detect. Moreover, the body and facial movements studied by credible researchers are biologically-based social signals. They are unlearned and convey useful information only because they are the same for everyone. Writing is quite the opposite, a learned skill that graphologists think mirrors individuality because it is different for everyone. And good actors are quite good at faking body and facial signals, something allegedly impossible with writing, according to graphologists. Perhaps most damaging of all to the graphologists' cause is the evidence that such information as can be gleaned from unconscious movements and facial expressions is readable by anyone without formal training. There is no need to pay anyone a fee to interpret what they mean.

The police and courts use graphology, so it must be valid. I am tempted to say, "Ronald Reagan used astrology, so it must be valid" and leave it at that, but there are a few other useful lessons to be derived here. Yes, unfortunately, some misguided officials have employed handwriting analysts in forensic settings, but the practice is not as widespread as graphologists imply. As a group, police officers, lawyers, and judges are no more or less prone to erroneous beliefs than anyone else. Faced with difficult decisions where no other method offers certainty (an ideal breeding ground for superstitions), some in the criminal justice system occasionally get swept up in hopeful nonsense, just like the rest of us. The vast majority do not endorse graphology or psychics, however. Graphologists occasionally offer their services to the police and get a polite hearing, as any citizen is entitled to. And for reasons related to the subjective validation effect, discussed below, the recipients may well have been more impressed than the performance warrants. Of course, like psychics who claim to solve crimes, a few chance hits and reliance on conventional clues, boosted by a bit of embellishment and unabashed self-promotion, can establish a high but unearned reputation.

The artificially inflated reputation enjoyed by handwriting analysis is largely due to the tendency to confuse the profession of graphologist with that of a questioned document examiner (QDE). As Dale Beyerstein [20] has observed, nonsense often rides piggyback on sensible knowledge, and graphology, though it bears only the most superficial resemblance to scientific document examination, misappropriates the latter's well-deserved prestige [21]. Both fields analyze handwriting, but that is where the similarity ends.

A QDE is a scientifically-trained forensic investigator who also has considerable knowledge of the history of papers, inks, writing implements, systems of penmanship, and styles of expression [22]. QDEs are respected experts who are frequently consulted by the police and the courts. Their modus operandi is quite different from that of a graphologist, however. The job of a QDE is to establish the provenance and authenticity of documents, some of which are handwritten. Unlike a graphologist, a legitimate QDE would never attempt to discern the personality of the writer from the script he or she examines. Where appropriate, the QDE will compare the writing in disputed documents to known samples from the hand of the putative author. Thus a typical question for a QDE might be, "Is this an authentic letter from Mozart to his patron or a clever forgery? Or, "Did the defendant in the dock write this ransom note?" By comparison, a typical question for a graphologist might be, "Does this writer harbor a secret resentment of authority?"

If need be, a QDE will chemically analyze the ink, microscopically examine the fibers and watermarks of the paper, and look for distinctive marks left by different kinds of writing instruments. In addition, he or she might compare grammar, style, and punctuation to social or historical norms, all for the purpose of establishing when, where, and by whom a given document was written. The exposure of the infamous "Hitler Diaries" as forgeries showed QDEs working at their best [23]. As consultants in litigation or historical disputes they are asked only to rate the probability that a given person wrote the document in question, not to pass on the guilt, innocence, or any other psychological trait of the alleged author. That a few QDE's also practice graphology on the side also leads to confusion in the public mind. Most QDEs are just as unhappy at being confused with a graphologist as an astronomer would be if mistaken for an astrologer.

Hard-nosed personnel managers swear by graphologists' usefulness in selecting employees. Some do. Most do not. Regardless, there are many reasons, other than the validity of graphology, that could account for these relatively rare endorsements [11,24]. First, there is ample reason to believe that, even if they are not aware of it, graphologists use other, non- graphological clues that could highlight the better candidates. For instance, the contents of handwritten application letters are rich in useful biographical information. Although graphologists claim to ignore these leads, there is evidence to the contrary [25,26]. Also, graphologists often chat up the managers who consult them to see which candidates the employers are already leaning toward. Thus the graphologist is often privy to conventional information about the applicants and, in many cases, merely reinforces the managers' intuitions. Employers are often interested, as much as anything else, in this kind of reassurance that their hunches are correct. This helps soothe the unease that surrounds the inherently error-prone practice of hiring and the high costs of a mistake. Graphologists can supply this peace at mind because they make comforting but highly inflated claims that ethical personnel experts would not and could not make [24]. And, finally, in a corporate hierarchy, where covering one's backside is a fundamental imperative, it is also prudent to have someone like a graphologist to blame if the risky procedure of selecting an employee turns out badly.

Another unearned source of satisfaction with graphology stems from the fact that employers rarely give the scripts of all applicants to a graphologist—hat would be too expensive. The graphologist usually sees only the scripts of short-listed applicants, those already selected on the basis of superior education, work experience, supervisors' recommendations, etc. Thus it is likely that everyone in this much-reduced pool would be at least adequate for the job. Because the rejects are not given a chance to show what they could do if hired, we have no way of knowing whether they would have performed as well as or better than the applicant recommended by the graphologist. And, of course, the mere fact that a graphologist has anointed the successful candidate may affect later appraisal of his or her job performance. Much research on so-called "halo effects" shows that a recommendation from a trusted source can make average performance seem better than it is and can also make supervisors more apt to excuse less than adequate performance as a temporary aberration. The vast literature on "cognitive dissonance" shows that people who have staked their reputations or significant amounts of money on a course of action, especially if others have questioned its advisability, have strong psychological motives to interpret the outcome as favorable, even in the face of contrary evidence [27].

In scientific tests of the ability of graphologists to recognize job-relevant traits, it is possible to control for these spurious sources of consumer satisfaction. Klimoski contrasts the methods of scientifically-based personnel selection with those of graphologists. He conducted many studies designed and carried out with the collaboration of eminent graphologists who approved all procedures in advance. In controlled tests in the workplace, handwriting analysis has fared very poorly [1,8,25,28,29].

Graphologists must have noticed over the centuries that certain kinds of people write in certain ways. They might have, but they didn't. Systematically tabulating any relationships between personality and writing is the way a scientific investigator would have proceeded but, as shown above, there is overwhelming evidence that graphology has always followed the rules of divination rather than those of modern personality research [ ]. In fact, as Dean, Kelly, Saklofske, and Furnham [26] forcefully argue, the founders of graphology couldn't possibly have kept track of the huge number of independently varying combinations of writing and personality traits necessary to be able to extract any such patterns, had they existed in the first place. As they also point out, that is because:

Graphological effects are too small to have been reliably observed.
Graphological features are too numerous to be reliably combined.
Assessment of the match between graphology and the person suffers from too many biases to allow valid
Psychologists have shown that, without sophisticated aids, human cognitive abilities are not capable of tracking the interrelationships of that many variables simultaneously. As it turns out, modern mathematical techniques that would reveal such patterns find none, but even if they had been there, graphologists did not really go about looking for them systematically. The intuitive approach they did adopt would have been incapable of extracting any possible signals from the noise.

It works. Research shows that when the ascriptions of a tea leaf reader, palmist, astrologer, or graphologist turn out by chance to fit, this will count far more than it should in supporting the belief that "it works" (see the "the subjective validation effect," discussed below). If someone asserts that potato- eating improves your tennis game and you find that your next five superior opponents recently ate potatoes, it hardly clinches the case, does it? But clients and graphologists alike tend to be impressed by this kind of "hit". They rarely look to see how many other people have the written sign but not the trait, and how many have the personal attribute without its graphological indicator. Graphologists rely almost exclusively on anecdotal reports and personal testimonials that lack these essential comparisons. For reasons that will become apparent later in this chapter, such affirmations are worthless as scientific evidence. Research into so-called heuristic biases shows how common judgmental shortcuts often lead us to espouse bogus ideas and commodities [30]. When competent, impartial outsiders tally up both the hits and the misses, the seemingly impressive track record of graphology evaporates. Let us now turn to that evidence.

The Empirical Eidence For and Against Graphology
My task in summarizing the extensive scientific research on graphology has been made quite easy by the superb efforts of Geoffrey Dean [8], who has carried out an exhaustive review of the literature. In any area of scientific controversy, a single study practically never decides the issue. It is only through the patient accumulation of many experiments, replicated by different investigators with converging methodologies, that a dependable pattern will emerge. Until recently, the most common way of trying to settle disputes in contentious areas was essentially to take a "box score"—i.e., so many studies for conclusion X and so many against—the preponderance carrying the day. Not all empirical findings should count equally in such a tally, however. Those studies with larger sample sizes, better methodology, and less noisy data ought to carry heavier weight in the grand adjudication. Fortunately, there has emerged a way of factoring such considerations into the overall assessment, and thereby drawing more reliable conclusions from multiple studies on a given topic. It is called "meta-analysis." Dean's review of the empirical research on graphology applied this mathematical technique to assess the cumulative effect of over 200 published studies from numerous countries and in several languages [8].

In deciding whether graphology really works, Dean addressed questions about both its reliability and validity. In the case of reliability, we are asking about the consistency or repeatability with a given measurement technique. I.e., if an operator repeats a measurement, or different operators use it on the same object, will the results concur? The former is called "test-retest reliability," the latter, "inter-rater reliability." Imagine a rubber yardstick that gave variable results on each attempt—how useful would such an implement be? In technical terms, we would say that it had low reliability. Reliability is an essential, but not sufficient, condition for acceptance of a measurement method.

Unless a measuring instrument is reliable, it cannot have validity which is defined as the ability of the technique, test, etc., to measure what its proponents say it measures. A mercury thermometer provides a valid measure of mean kinetic energy, for instance, but it would lack validity as a measure of gravitational pull. A thermometer is reliable in that, all things being equal, repeated observations usually produce very close to the same result. That reliability, by itself, is no guarantee of validity can be seen from the following. If I assert that counting the number of moles on your back is a good way to estimate your intelligence, I could probably get roughly the same total on successive counts (i.e., the measure has reliability), but you would be right to ask me for evidence of its validity as an index of intelligence. To satisfy you, I would need to present independent confirmation that variability in mole density in the population at large correlates well with accepted criteria of intelligence. Obviously, this it would not do, so the measure lacks validity.

With respect to graphology, reliability within and across practitioners trained by the same school has been tolerable in some, but not all, studies. I.e., sometimes when the same sample of writing was submitted twice it came back with more or less the same profile after two perusals by the same graphologist or from both tries by two different graphologists [24] but see Goldberg [31] and Dean [8] for examples where even this minimum requirement was not met). Since the various graphological schools often disagree, one would not expect the same result from followers of different systems. But even if graphology in the hands of well-practiced disciples of the same school gives the same answer on repeated assessments of the same script, is that sufficient reason to believe that it will be accurate when it is used to predict your degree of friendliness, honesty, creativity, or devotion to an organization?

Computing scientists constantly warn us about the GIGO problem: "Garbage In, Garbage Out." In other words, no matter how accurately a computer might follow its program, if you feed it meaningless input, it will methodically grind out equally inane results. Consistently-processed rubbish is still rubbish. Increasingly, graphologists are appealing to the unwary by advertising that they now use computers, hoping by adopting these trappings of science to acquire a patina of respectability. Computerization may increase the reliability of graphological attributions, but if the raw materials of an analysis (slants, pressures, flourishes, i-dots, etc.) are not valid indicators of personality traits, then the fact that the computer derives a similar portrait of the client on multiple tries is of little comfort. And that, in a nutshell, is the question: "Are graphological 'signs' valid indicators of their supposedly correlated personality traits or aptitudes?"

In order to answer questions about validity, one must have a criterion for the trait that is supposedly indicated by the measure. If we are evaluating a test that claims to predict superior sales ability, for instance, the criterion might be the agent's total annual sales or the number of deals closed per number of contacts. An acceptable test would have to show not only that those who ace the test tend to be high on such criteria but also that those who do poorly end up at the bottom of the sales charts [24]. In his worldwide search for empirical evaluations of graphology, Dean [8] unearthed more than 200 studies that had unambiguous criteria of this sort and were acceptable with respect to sample sizes, experimental controls, statistical analyses, etc. After subjecting these studies to a meta-analysis, Dean showed that graphologists have failed unequivocally to demonstrate the validity or reliability of their art for predicting work performance, aptitudes, or personality. Graphology thus fails according to the standards a genuine psychological test must pass before it can ethically be released for use on an unsuspecting public.

Dean found that no particular school of graphology fared better than any other, belying the smug claims of Graphoanalysis that it is scientifically superior to its rivals. In fact, no graphologist of any stripe was able to show reliably better performance than untrained amateurs making guesses from the same materials. In the vast majority of studies, neither group exceeded chance expectancy.

Perusing Dean's accumulated corpus of studies, an interesting relationship emerges. The better a given study is, methodologically, and the more stringent the peer review process of the journal in which it is published, the more likely it is that the results will be unfavorable to graphology. For this reason, it is not surprising that the majority of studies that find any merit whatever in graphology are published by graphologists themselves—in promotional pamphlets, their own proprietary journals, or the for-profit popular press. When pro-graphology pieces occasionally make it into scientific journals they are typically the organs that have the lowest rejection rates and charge the authors for the privilege of publishing.

Of course, graphologists hotly contest the foregoing conclusions, claiming that the tests that belittle their abilities are unfair and irrelevant. The fact remains, however, that, in many of the best studies, graphologists gave prior approval to the tasks they would be asked to perform and the assessment criteria; i.e., they were willing participants until the negative results became known. Often graphological societies nominated their best to represent them in these tests. In one rigorous series of studies, by Klimoski and his colleagues, the graphologists were so confident they would excel that they even funded the projects. They agreed at the outset that the assigned tasks were a fair approximation of what they do in their everyday practices. Only when the results turned out disastrously for them did the graphologists begin to quibble about the fairness of the tests, at one point even going so far as to threaten legal action to suppress publication of the results. Summarizing his own research and that of many others, Klimoski concludes, "...a manager receiving solicitations for graphological services or seeing assistance in personnel decision making would be wise to heed the American credo, 'Caveat Emptor'—let the buyer beware." [24:263]

Why Graphology Seems to Work—The "Barnum Effect"
Faced with the consistently poor showing of handwriting analysis in scientific tests, the typical response from graphologists is, "I don't need to prove anything to you. I know it works and I have hundreds of satisfied customers to prove it." Of course, this is the same rejoinder I have received from every tea leaf and tarot card reader I've debated as well. People pay good money and come back for more—they must be receiving good value, mustn't they? Not necessarily.

If graphology's track record in large-scale, carefully controlled tests is as poor as critics say it is, how could so many intelligent, well-educated people still believe it has merit? As mentioned earlier, the power of personal experience often overshadows reams of tables and graphs when people try to make complex judgements about the world [30]. Hope and uncertainty evoke powerful psychological processes that keep all occult and pseudoscientific character readers in business. In everyday settings, their pronouncements can seem remarkably specific and telling, even though they are not. The spurious feeling that something deeply informative has been revealed in an astrological, graphological, or psychic reading arises from a kind of cognitive slippage that has come to be known as "the Barnum effect." Its other names are the "subjective validation effect" or the "personal validation effect." The more colorful appellation recalls the famous American showman, P.T. Barnum, who advertised, "I have a little something for everyone."

As many studies have demonstrated, people invariably interpret vague, positive generalizations that are true, in some form, of nearly everyone as if they applied specifically to the particulars of their own lives [26]. Have you ever opened a fortune cookie that didn't somehow apply to you? The fascinating thing is that we "read in" the specifics with practically no awareness that they arise from our own associative processes, rather than the character reader's insights. This is not mere gullibility. It stems, instead, from the overapplication of one of our most useful cognitive skills—the ability to make sense out of the barrage of disconnected information we face daily. In fact, we become so good at filling in to make a reasonable scenario out of disjointed input that we sometimes make sense out of nonsense. Human nature is so complex and individual behavior so varied, there is almost always something in our background to fit a reader's pronouncement. Psychologists have learned a great deal about the social and cognitive variables that make Barnum-type generalities seem so penetrating and personally relevant [11,26,32-34 ].

The Barnum effect is so powerful that an informal demonstration of any personality test, fringe or orthodox, is all but useless. Our enquiring minds will automatically embellish the bare bones of such output to make it seem self-referential. Once again, this is not feeblemindedness; in fact, more intelligent people are more facile at inserting these extrapolations. For that reason, a proper test of any character reading scheme will need to control for this false sense of accuracy. Thus, instead of simply asking clients if the palm reader or astrologer has accurately portrayed them, a proper test would first have readings done for a large number of clients and then remove the names from the profiles (coding them so they could later be matched to their rightful owners). After all clients had read all of the anonymous personality sketches, each would be asked to pick the one that described him or her best. If the reader has actually included enough uniquely-pertinent material, members of the group, on average, should be able to exceed chance in choosing their own from the pile. No occult or pseudoscientific character reading method, graphology included, has successfully passed such a test.

Additional evidence that the apparent accuracy of nonscientific character readings is, like beauty, in the eye of the beholder can be found in many studies (see references above) that led people to think they were receiving a reading done specifically for them. When experimental subjects are asked to rate how well the resulting profile describes them, they overwhelmingly endorse its contents although, unbeknownst to them, they are all given the identical astrologer or graphologist's report. In one recent study, subjects read statements about other people produced by a certified Graphoanalyst and an number of "Barnum statements," intentionally written to be so vague as to be applicable to virtually everyone [11]. The subjects rated the Graphoanalyst's descriptions of strangers as being just as good descriptors of themselves as the intentionally-vague Barnum statements. When a group is given random profiles from valid psychological tests under the same conditions, they do not rate them as good a match to themselves because legitimate diagnostic tools do produce profiles that are not equally applicable to everyone.

Conclusion
In this essay I have argued that graphology, despite its scientific pretensions, remains mired in its occult past. I have shown why the graphologists' favorite justifications are inadequate and alluded to many well-controlled studies which have found that handwriting analysts, denied non-graphological clues about their clients, do no better than chance in describing them. The clients, on the other hand, cannot exceed chance either when asked to select their own from a stack of anonymous graphological profiles. Despite graphology's poor showing in these well-controlled tests, both practitioners and an a goodly portion of the public at large steadfastly continue to believe it works. The latter sections of this chapter were devoted to the interesting cognitive biases that have kept graphology alive by giving customers the strong illusion that it is revealing and accurate when it is not. If graphology cannot legitimately claim to be a scientific means of measuring human talents and leanings, what is it really? In short, it is a pseudoscience.

Pseudosciences are thinly disguised occultisms that have the trappings and usurp the prestige of science but lack the attitudes, the methods, and the repeatable findings that define a real science [35]. Pseudosciences have a number of telltale signs. They are typically isolated from the legitimate scientific disciplines that relate to their subject matter. Devotees are apt to be proud of their lack of orthodox credentials and hostile toward an "establishment" they see as ignoring if not outright persecuting them. They claim powerful but secret techniques that only work for believers, but frown upon skepticism and demands for proof. Pseudoscientists tend to shun mathematical analyses and cling to anecdotal data. Testimonials from satisfied customers substitute for rigorous tests. The idea of a simple control group is foreign to their way of thinking.

Pseudosciences are overrun by cranks who are not only ignorant of the theory and data in relevant scientific fields but claim fantastic results that run counter to well-established research. Often these putative effects would be highly desirable if true, but are postulated without plausible theories and mechanisms to account for why they might occur. What passes for theory in a pseudoscience is typically so vague that it is virtually impossible to test.

Such fields encourage ad hoc assumptions to explain away negative findings. In a word, they are unfalsifiable—nothing could possibly count against the theory. For instance, when graphologist Jane Paterson found that Ghandi failed to exhibit the large writing she said was typical of great leaders, she explained that his writing showed that he was modest and preferred to lead from a position of inferiority. Special pleading, after-the-fact, in place of firm, testable predictions—the pseudoscientist's stock in trade.

Data gathering in pseudosciences is slapdash; and research, if published at all, is usually self-distributed rather than found in the appropriate peer-reviewed journals. Pseudosciences abound with nonreplicable results. Their typical response to critics is ad hominem, while ignoring the disconfirming data. Bogus sciences are quick to misappropriate the prestige of legitimate science when it suits their purposes, but they are equally quick to vilify science when it disallows their fanciful claims. When they fail by conventional standards, pseudoscientists suddenly claim to be part of "a new paradigm" that stodgy orthodox scientists can't hope to comprehend. In fact, it is pseudosciences that are stodgy and unchanging. One of their most common features is a reverence for ancient texts that are never updated with new discoveries. An earmark of a pseudoscience is stagnation where there should be intellectual ferment and constant modification by new findings, as in genuine scientific fields. As Carl Sagan recently observed, real science reserves its highest praise for the young who prove their predecessors wrong. Pseudosciences drum doubters out of the corps.

References
Beyerstein B. The origins of graphology in sympathetic magic. In Beyerstein BL, Beyerstein DF, editors. The Write Stuff: Evaluations of Graphology—The Study of Handwriting Analysis. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1992, pp 163-200.
Gullan-Wuhr M. The Graphology Workbook: A Complete Guide to Interpreting Handwriting. Wellingborough, England: Aquarian, 1986, p 11.
Beyerstein B, Zhang J-P. By a man's calligraphy Ye shall know him: Handwriting analysis in China. In The Write Stuff, pp 30-41.
Nickell J. Handwriting: Identification science and graphological analysis contrasted. In The Write Stuff, pp 42-52.
Bunker MM. Handwriting Analysis: The Science of Determining Personality by Graphoanalysis. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1971.
Crumbaugh J. Graphoanalytic cues. In The Write Stuff, pp 105-118.
Lockowandt O. The present status of the research on handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method. In The Write Stuff, pp 55-58.
Dean G. The bottom line: Effect size. In The Write Stuff, pp 269-341.
Kelly I. The scientific case against astrology. Mercury, Nov/Dec 1980, pp 135-141.
Loewe M, Blacker C, editors. Oracles and Divination. Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 1981.
Karnes E, Leonard SD. Graphoanalytic and psychometric personality profiles: Validity and Barnum effects. In The Write Stuff, pp 436-461.
Carswell R. Graphology: Canadian implications. In The Write Stuff, pp 477-487.
Reagh JD. Legal implications of graphology in the United States. In The Write Stuff, pp 465-476.
Beyerstein B. Handwriting is brainwriting. So what? In The Write Stuff, pp 397-419.
McNichol A. Handwriting Analysis: Putting It to Work for You. Chicago, Contemporary Books, 1991.
Marne P. --- and Crime in Handwriting.. London, England: Constable, 1981.
De Sainte Colombe P. Graphotherapeutics: The Pen and Pencil Therapy. NY: Popular Library, 1972.
Bowman M. Difficulties in Assessing Personality and Predicting Behavior. In The Write Stuff, pp 203-231.
Allport GW, Vernon PE. Studies in Expressive Movement. New York: Macmillan, 1933.
Beyerstein D. 1992. Graphology and the philosophy of science. In The Write Stuff, pp 121-162.
Nickell J. A brief history of graphology. In The Write Stuff, pp 23-29.
Nickell J. Pen, Ink, and Evidence. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 1990.
Harris R. Selling Hitler. NY: Pantheon, 1986.
Klimoski, R. Graphology and Personnel Selection. In The Write Stuff, pp. 232-268.
Jansen A. Validation of Graphological Judgements: An Experimental Study. Paris: Mouton, 1973.
Dean G and others. Graphology and human judgment. In The Write Stuff, pp 342-396.
Beyerstein B, Hadaway P. On avoiding folly. Journal of Drug Issues 20:689-700, 1990.
Ben-Shakhar G and others. Can graphology predict occupational success? Two empirical studies and some methodological ruminations. Journal of Applied Psychology 71:645-653., 1986.
Rafaeli A, Klimoski R. Predicting sales success through handwriting analysis: An evaluation of the effects of training and handwriting sample content. Journal of Applied Psychology 68:212-217, 1983.
Gilovich, T. How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. NY: Free Press/Macmillan, 1991.
Goldberg L. Some Informal Explorations and Ruminations About Graphology. In Nevo B, editor. Scientific Aspects of Graphology. Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, pp. 281-293, 1986.
Hyman R. 1977. Cold reading: How to convince strangers you know all about them. The Zetetic (now The Skeptical Inquirer) 1(2): 18-37, 1977.
Dickson D, Kelly I. The 'Barnum Effect' in personality assessment: A review of the literature. Psychological Reports 57:367-382, 1985.
Marks D, Kammann R. The Psychology of the Psychic. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. 1980.
Bunge M. What is pseudoscience? The Skeptical Inquirer 9(1):36-46, 1984.

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Dr. Beyerstein, a member of the executive council of the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is a biopsychologist at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. This article was slightly modified from his chapter on graphology in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal, published in 1996 by Prometheus Books.

This article was revised on Augusty 29, 2002

There are a few things that can be done in times of grave emergencies.
Your mobile phone can actually be a life saver or an emergency tool for
survival. Check out the things that you can do with it: -


*EMERGENCY*
*I*
*The Emergency Number worldwide for **Mobile** is 112.* If you find
yourself out of coverage area of your mobile network and there is an
emergency, dial 112 and the mobile will search any existing network to
establish the emergency number for you, and interestingly this number 112
can be dialed even if the keypad is locked. **Try it out.**


*II*
*Subject: Have you locked your keys in the car? Does you car have remote
keys?*
This may come in handy someday. Good reason to own a cell phone:
If you lock your keys in the car and the spare keys are at home, call
someone at home on their cell phone from your cell phone.
Hold your cell phone about a foot from your car door and have the person
at your home press the unlock button, holding it near the mobile phone on
their end. Your car will unlock. Saves someone from having to drive your
keys to you. Distance is no object. You could be hundreds of miles away,
and if you can reach someone who has the other "remote" for your car, you
can unlock the doors (or the trunk).
Editor's Note: *It works fine! We tried it out and it unlocked our car
over a cell phone!"*


*III*
Subject: Hidden Battery power
Imagine your cell battery is very low, you are expecting an important call
and you don't have a charger. Nokia instrument comes with a reserve
battery. To activate, press the keys *3370# Your cell will restart with
this reserve and the instrument will show a 50% increase in battery. This
reserve will get charged when you charge your cell next time.


AND

*IV*
How to disable a STOLEN mobile phone?
To check your Mobile phone's serial number, key in the following digits on
your phone:
* # 0 6 #
A 15 digit code will appear on the screen. This number is unique to your
handset. Write it down and keep it somewhere safe. when your phone gets
stolen, you can phone your service provider and give them this code. They
will then be able to block your handset so even if the thief changes the
SIM card, your phone will be totally useless.
You probably won't get your phone back, but at least you know that whoever
stole it can't use/sell it either.
If everybody does this, there would be no point in people stealing mobile
phones.

:rolleye: :rolleye: :rolleye: :rolleye: :rolleye: :rolleye: :rolleye:

Thank you dear Love-to-learn
But I have a question do these apply to our cell phone networking system,For instance can we just pick up the cell phone and dial 112,I wonder what might happen?!

Hi dear Sec Expert,

To be honest, I didn't try any of them myself. I just got it from a friend and I thought I could leave it here; maybe one day somewhere it's of any use to someone.

نقل قول:

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نوشته شده توسط love-to-learn

Hi dear Sec Expert,

To be honest, I didn't try any of them myself. I just got it from a friend and I thought I could leave it here; maybe one day somewhere it's of any use to someone.

---

Thank you dear Love-to-learn I hope so.

Hi EverY BodY!
This article from prevention.com is useful and up-t-date article about how insomnia .it has 3 parts with some shared points.I hope you like it

نقل قول:

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نوشته شده توسط prevention.com

There are more than 70 different sleep disorders. Four of the most common disorders are described below.

Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is defined as difficulty falling and staying asleep every night or most nights, despite an adequate opportunity to sleep. Other symptoms of insomnia include waking up too early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and experiencing an unrefreshing night's sleep. As a result of a poor night's sleep, one usually feels tired and irritable the next day and has trouble concentrating on everyday tasks. Insomnia also can be a symptom of other physical and mental conditions, such as depression, or even of another sleep disorder, such sleep apnea.

Insomnia can last one night or up to several weeks. In some patients, it can be a chronic condition and last for years. Transient insomnia lasts for short periods of time and is described as "intermittent" when it occasionally re-occurs. Chronic insomnia is when episodes occur on most nights and last one month or more. According to the National Sleep Foundation's 2002 Sleep in America poll, 58 percent of adults surveyed reported experiencing one or more symptoms of insomnia at least a few nights a week in the past year, a number that represented 63 percent of adult women and 54 percent of adult men. More than three in ten (35 percent) say they have experienced insomnia every night or almost every night.

---

This part tells you about the causes

نقل قول:

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نوشته شده توسط prvention.com

Adequate restful sleep, like diet and exercise, is critical to good health. Sleep allows your body to rest and restore energy, while at the same time carry out important physiological and psychological functions that affect your physical and mental well-being.

Healthy sleep is defined as whatever amount and quality of sleep is needed to maintain optimal alertness while awake. Most adults need about eight hours of sleep each night, although ideal sleep requirements are highly individualized. Children and adolescents typically need more than eight hours, but after age four, require little to no daytime sleep. Many people don't get the ideal amount of sleep they need and become chronically sleep deprived. For others who suffer from sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy and other
illnesses, sleep is not refreshing.

Research has shown that sleep loss accumulates over time, causing a sleep debt. Insufficient restful sleep can result in mental and physical health problems, low energy, memory lapses, and difficulty maintaining equilibrium.

Typical sleep patterns can be disrupted by many factors:

* stress
* family demands or an overly busy schedule
* hormonal influences and changes in core body temperature (e.g., during ovulation or menstruation, hot flashes and night sweats characteristic of menopause)
* dieting, which can lower a woman's body temperature
* symptoms of pregnancy, such as body aches, nausea, leg cramps, fetal movements and heartburn
* depression, anxiety and worry

---

This part speaks about symptoms

نقل قول:

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نوشته شده توسط prevention.com

Sleep is essential for your body to function well both physically and mentally, and is vital to your overall feeling of well-being. Most adults require about eight hours per night. But each person's needs differ; a healthy sleep is merely defined as whatever amount and quality is needed to keep you at optimal alertness while you are awake.

Symptoms stem from either sleeping too little, as with insomnia, or of having a poor quality of sleep due to a disorder such as narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. The most obvious symptom of a sleep disorder will be feeling unusually drowsy while you are awake or falling asleep at inappropriate times. You may also have low energy, difficulty getting out of bed, memory lapses, poor judgment, trouble concentrating on daily tasks or solving problems, and mood changes, including depression.

If you are mainly feeling fatigue--a bodily exhaustion that persists even though you are getting enough sleep--it may instead be a symptom of a medical, neurological or psychiatric problem like multiple sclerosis or depression.

Left untreated, conditions like sleep apnea may raise your risk for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and stroke, so discuss your symptoms with your medical care provider.

---

Hello!
Just about LOVE!

نقل قول:

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نوشته شده توسط prevention.com

Happy Marriage = Good Health?
The heart benefits from a great relationship

by Deb Dellapena

ive your honey a big kiss. New research shows that love guards against heart disease, women's number one killer.

The catch: Only women in happy twosomes get this better-than-a-pill protection, says San Diego State University psychologist Linda C. Gallo, PhD, who tracked the health and happiness of 493 women for 13 years. Using blood tests, Gallo found that women with the luck, skill, or emotional fortitude to have created highly satisfying marriages were simply in better health.

They exercised more, smoked less, and felt less frazzled. As a result, their cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body weight--the big heart attack risk factors--were lower. They also felt less depressed, anxious, and stressed.

Top happy-marriage factors: time together, communication, good ---, and financial compatibility, plus shared lifestyle, personality type, and interests.

"It's clearly worth nurturing your marriage--in ways that make you feel happy--for the sake of your own health," Gallo says.

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Why English Is So Difficult

We'll begin with a box, and the plural is boxes;
but the plural of ox became oxen not oxes.
One fowl is a goose, but two are called geese,
yet the plural of moose should never be meese.

You may find a lone mouse or a nest full of mice;
yet the plural of house is houses, not hice.
If the plural of man is always called men,
why shouldn't the plural of pan be called pen?

If I spoke of my foot and show you my feet,
and I give you a boot, would a pair be called beet?

If one is a tooth and a whole set are teeth,
why shouldn't the plural of booth be called beeth?

Then one may be that, and three would be those,
yet hat in the plural would never be hose,
and the plural of cat is cats, not cose.

We speak of a brother and also of brethren,
but though we say mother we never say methren.
Then the masculine pronouns are he, his and him,
but imagine the feminine, she, shis and shim.
Anonymous

Some reasons to be grateful if you grew up speaking English;
1) The bandage was wound around the wound.
2) The farm was used to produce produce.
3) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
4) We must polish the Polish furniture.
5) He could lead if he would get the lead out.
6) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.
7) There is no time like the present, he said it was time to present the present.
8) At the Army base, a bass was painted on the head of a bass drum.
9) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10) I did not object to the object.
11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
13) They were too close to the door to close it.
14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18) After a number of Novocain injections, my jaw got number.
19) Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear.
20) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
21) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
22) I spent last evening evening out a pile of dirt.

Let's face it - English is a crazy language.

There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine In pineapple.

English muffins weren't invented in England .

We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.

And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham?

Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend?

If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it?

If teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught?

If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat?

In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital?

Ship by truck and send cargo by ship?

Have noses that run and feet that smell?

How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wiseguy are opposites?

You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which an alarm goes off by going on.

If Dad is Pop, how come! Mom isn't Mop?

GO FIGURE! That's American English.

unlike Sanskrit english made its own rules of pronounciation & Grammar in a different way based on the words derivated from

example CH is pronounced as ka wen the word is derived from greek example
character = karakter
CH is pronounced as sha wen the word is from french
ex champagne,chateau

similarly with singulars & plurals.

Love can be Red, like the intense heat of a passionate kiss
.....the color of sweetness
.....the color of strawberries

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Love can be blue,like the comfort we take in a pair of denim jeans
.....the color of strength
.....the color of perfect skies

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]


Love can be yellow,bright and warm like the morning sun
.....like the sounds of laughters of children on the merry-go-round
.....like the sounds of fun from the boys flying kites in the open fields

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]


Love can be green,peaceful and serene I can hear your heart beats
.....it is the feeling of a loving hand that touch a grieving heart
.....it is the whispering of trusting words to a distressing soul

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Love can be orange,the loudness of it can drive you up a wall
.....it can drive you to sing like nobody is listening
.....it can drive you to dance like nobody is watching

Love can be purple,the courage we need to love bravely and unselfishly
.....the moment I first kiss you I know that I am not afraid to risk involvement
.....the day the declaration of your love for me was made known

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Add up a series of numbers your social security number, your date of birth, your telephone number, to see if the total is divisible by seven
Add up your debts
Annoy a friend
Argue with a colleague about who is the best football quarterback ever
Arm wrestle with a colleague
Arrange a protest march for a cause you believe in
Arrange a seating plan for the office
Arrange to meet a friend in the washroom to chat
Arrange unpaid bills by date order
Arrange your next vacation from work
Ask a friend to help you make your own list of wasteful tasks
Ask colleagues to show you photos of their last vacation
Ask your boss for new office furniture
Ask your grandpa what grandma was like when she was young
Avoid stepping on the gaps between sidewalk paving stones during your lunch break
Balance a pen, pencil knife, and fork across your index finger
Balance on one leg of your chair
Begin to work out your family tree
Blow paper at colleagues through a straw
Blow up a paper bag and burst it behind a friend
Blow your own imaginary trumpet
Blow your own trumpet
Blubber your lips with your fingers, making bub, bub, bub noises
Boil water and make a cup of tea
Bore your friends by explaining how to draw an equilateral triangle that contains three right angles
Borrow a pen from someone in another
Borrow something from someone and forget to return it
Braid your hair
Break your diet
Bring a violin case to work for a week and carry it with you wherever
Browse through Roget's Thesaurus
Brush back your hair with your left hand
Build a ladder of good intentions to Heaven
Build a house of cards
Build a model Eiffel Tower using toothpicks
Build a model of the white House from old cigarette packs
Cacuate how much money you spend on average each day
Calculate all the money you have spent in your life so far
Calculate how long it would take you and three friends to build a major road
Calculate how long it would take you to read a twenty-volume encyclopedia
Calculate how many minutes you have been alive
Calculate how many seconds there are in one year
Calculate how much better off you were last year
Calculate how much money you spend each year
Calculate what you would do if you had a million dollars
Calculate which way is north of where you sit
Calculate your age in days
Calculate your annual budget
Calculate your monthly expenses
Call people rude names; then hide
Call someone whose name begins with the letter "L"
Call up someone you talked to last year
Call up someone you talked to yesterday
Carve miniature boomerangs f'rom paperboard and flick them at ends
Carve your initials onto your desk
Catch a cigarette in your mouth
Challenge a colleague to a plant-growing race - see who can grow the tallest plant in three months
Challenge the office assistant to a game of marbles
Change the batteries in your radio
Change the order of your keys on your key ring
Change the proportions of your face
Chat to a friend about your last date
Chat to a workmate about the book you are reading
Check all the illustration numbers in this book against their captions
Check share values in an old newspaper (maybe one ten years old) to see whyt changes have occurred Check share values in the newspaper
Check the classified ads in the paper to see if there is anything you need
Check to be sure your money is not counterfeit
Check your answers for yesterday's crossword puzzle
Check your house price from the real estate advertisements in the local paper
Check your make-up in a small mirror
Check your underarms for body smells
Check your waist measurement
Chew a match Chew a toffee
Chew the end of a ballpoint pen
Christmas dinner party
Clean out the sleep from your eyes
Clean out the supply closet
Clean out vour ear with Q-Tip
Clean out your wastepaper basket
Clean up the mess after clearing out the hole punch
Clean your comb
Clean your fingernails
Clean your hairbrush
Clean your shoes
Clear out the company medicine cabinet
Clear out the hole punch
Click your tongue to make a sound like galloping horses
Close your eyes and imagine what it would be like to be blind
Coin a phrase
Color in the pattern on the facing page four colors or tints so no two abutting araeas have the same color
Color squares on graph paper
Comb your hair down
Compare yourself to earlier photographs
Conduct a marching band while humming and chatting
Conduct an imaginary orchestra
Conjugate ten verbs
Console a colleague
Construct a fictitious resume for yourself
Construct a theory for the location of your soul
Construct elaborate geometric patterns, then color them in with colored pencils
Construct elaborate patterns using circles
Construct your company's organizational tree
Consult a book to interpret your dreams
Consult an oracle
Contact someone on the computer system
Convince someone that an African elephant has smaller ears than an Asian elephant
Copy out your list of "tasks to do" again in a neat form
Count how many pages are in this book
Count television antennas from the window
Count the buttons on your jacket
Count the freckles on your face
Count the freckles on your forearms
Count the holes in your watch strap
Count the number of checks left in your checkbook
Count the number of matches in a box
Count the number of Smiths in the telephone book
Count the number of times "love" appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Count the number ways to waste time on this page
Count the roof tiles on the nearest building
Count the small change in your pockets or purse
Count the stars
Count the typographical errors in a newspaper
Count the windows in the biggest building you can see from your window
Count the words on this page
Count your blessings
Cover a sheet of paper with doodles
Crack your knuckles
Create a new cocktail for the office Christmas party
Create shadow figures using your hands
Cross and uncross your legs and practice your most impressive sitting position
Cry to get sympathy from a friend or your boss
Cultivate bangs (if you're a woman
Cut an envelope to make scrap paper
Cut out heads from magazines and stick them on other bodies
Cut out pictures from magazines
Cut yourself some shoe liners from old cardboard
Dance a jig
Dance around the office with a colleague
Daydream
Decide how you are going to pay your debts this month
Decide what style of topiary you would like in your garden
Decide what you really want to do with your life
Decide where to go on vacation in next year
Decide which items on your "Things to do" list need doing
Decide who you are going to pay this month
Demonstrate a karate throw to a colleague
Describe a journey to Britain on an old ship
Describe the last days in the lives of the dinosaurs that made these fossils
Describe to a colleague how you would explain to a child how a baby is made
Describe what Lincoln might be thinkig if he were not a statue
Design a new chair
Design a new desk
Design a new mode of transportation
Design a new office notice board
Design a stamp to commemorate your life
Design an old postage stamp
Design an outfit for anoffice toga party
Design new office shelving
Design yourself a new office
Despair
Devise your own coat of arms
Devise your own ornamental device
Dilute the error-correcting fluid
Discuss Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus with a workmate
Distort a picture of you or a friend on the company photocopier
Do skipping with an imaginary rope
Do a "head-over-heels"
Do a jigsaw puzzle upside down
Do a magic trick in front of your colleagues
Do a self-portrait using colored pencils
Do absolutely nothing for five minutes
Do exercises in your chair
Do fifty push-ups
Do sit-ups on the floor
Do some exercises
Do some kitting
Do the same thing and see if it is divisible by three
Doodle
Doze in a chair
Draw a cartoon of a close friend
Draw a cyclops step-by-step
Draw a funny picture of your family
Draw a map of Europe from memory
Draw a map of your town ti
Draw a Ouija board and try to contact the original chairperson of your company
Draw a totem pole using the faces of colleagues and friends
Draw boxes and triangles in the margins of books
Draw cartoons
Draw circles by tracing around the base of a bottle or cup
Draw daisies in the margins of paper or a book
Draw different types of lips and match them to workmates
Draw faces on balloons
Draw Frankenstein's monster
Draw glasses on faces in today newspaper
Draw lines across the contours of faces in magazines
Draw mustaches onto photos in magazines
Draw out your family tree
Draw spectacles on photographs in newspapers
Draw twenty circles on a sheet of paper and draw a different face in each one
Draw up a two-month calendar and add special events
Draw your favorite flower
Draw your own profile
Dream of possessing your loved one
Dream of taking a ride on a dolphin
Drum out a rhythm with your fingers
During a phone conversation tell your loved one how devoted you are
Each week, look at the backs of your hands for signs of aging
Eat a candy with a noisy wrapper
Eat strange food that will keep you awake all night and make you feel so tired that tomorrow you will fall asleep
Eat your lunch with chopstics
Eavesdrop
Email any mistakes to the author
Empty your pockets
Enact the sky between two airplanes, using your hands to describe the actions, and making machine gun noises with your mouth
Estimate the cubic capacity of a container
Estimate your total wealth
Evaluate how much spare time you have each week to do nothing
Exercise your tongue by trying to make it reach the tip of your nose
Fall asleep at your desk
Fall into a fit of rage
Fall into a rage
Fax a list of jokes to a friend
Feed the birds outside the window
Feel very angry about some trivial problem and talk about it endlessly to f'riends
Fiddle with your earring
Fight an imaginary
Figure out how to catch the animals that escaped from the zoo
Figure out how to make a 3-D icosahedron from paper
Figure out how to use color in a map with the minimum number of colors so that no two adjacent areas are the same color
Figure out how you would teach a bear to dance
Figure out if you can climb through a playing card
Figure out the height of your office building
Figure out the largest single sum of money you ever earned
Figure out the largest single sum of money you ever paid anyone
Figure out the middle letter of the alphabet
Figure out the plot for a novel
Figure out what you would do locked in the bathroom without toilet paper
Figure out what your enemies think of you
Figure out what your friends think of you
Figure out who is the shortest person in the office
Figure out who is the tallest in your office
Figure the relationship between extraterrestria forces, metaphysical forces, paranormal forces, and the orders of spiritual levels in Heaven and Hell
Figure the values of half and half and half a number until you arrive at its twentieth value
Fill in a crossword puzzle without using the clues
Fill in earlier weeks in your office calendar
Fill in every letter p on the facing page end avoid reading the text
Fill in the teeth on the photographs of people in magazines
Fill in your office calendar with things you would like to be doing
Fill out the personal notes page of your office calendar
Find a new friend
Find a place to lie down in peace
Find a secret space and play cards with your friends
Find fault with everyone
Find out how to adopt an animal at the zoo
Find out the birthdays of all your collegues
Find out what is on TV thais week
Find out who borrowed your scissors and get them back
Flick paper at friends
Flip a coin to see who gets the coffee at break
Fold and refold your handkerchief
Fold brown paper into neat squares
Frighten a friend
Gaze at the clouds
Get drunk
Get everyone in the office to swap desks to confuse your boss
Get someone's attention by kicking them in the backside
Get very drunk
Get your calculator to spell words
Give up one of your favorite activities for a month so that you feel virtuous
Go forth and preach
Go out and buy a pack of cigarettes
Go out and send a letter
Go sit on the toilet
Go to the bathroom
Go visit your friends in the company and chat
Greet a new employee
Grow a mustache (if you're a man
Grow an unusual hairstyle
Grow your hair into a new style
Guess how much and then count the money in your pockets
Guess the value of a dollar in a year's time
Guess the weights of your f'riends
Guess who will be the next US President
Guzzle a pint of beer
Hammer a nail in the wall to hang your coat on
Have a cigarette
Have a cold beer
Have a snack
Hire a fancy-dress outfit at lunch break and wear it all afternoon
Hold your breath
Hold your head in your hands
Hold your right ear with your lett hand and your nose with your right hand, then hold your left ear with your right hand and your nose with your left hand, and repeat and repeat
Hop on one leg along a straight line
If you could return to earth as a celebrity, who would you be
Imagine a conversation in which your bank manager asks for your help
Imagine a day in the life of a coach horse in nineteenth century England
Imagine a discussion with a drunk
Imagine a perfect murder
Imagine an orgy
Imagine an unlikely place to meet a friend
Imagine an X-ray of your hand
Imagine arriving for work in the US President's car
Imagine being Adam and what you would have done on meeting Eve
Imagine being a character in a novel
Imagine being a slave asleep on a slave ship
Imagine being bandaged alive and put in a mummy's coffin
Imagine being eaten alive
Imagine being Eve and what you would have done on meeting Adam
Imagine being taken away by a superhero
Imagine being taken away by King Kong
Imagine being thin
Imagine being very poor
Imagine being very rich
Imagine colleagues' reactions if you came to work dressed differently
Imagine coming to work by elephant
Imagine coming to work in a tank
Imagine coming to work on your own orie-wheeled invention
Imagine confronting an opponent riding an elephant on the battlefield
Imagine doing a different job
Imagine for what reason you would want to blow up the government offices
Imagine Ginger Rogers inviting you to dance and waltz around the room
Imagine having a conversation with Jesus
Imagine having a howler monkey for a pet
Imagine having a life as short as that of a butterfly
Imagine having tea in China
Imagine having to fight for your country hundreds of years ago
Imagine having to fight in World War I
Imagine having to fight in World War III
Imagine having to go out and kill your lunch before you can cook and eat it
Imagine having to migrate to reach a breeding ground
Imagine having your boss just where you want
Imagine how cold it must be to wear a kilt in winter
Imagine how cold it would living in an igloo
Imagine how long it would take to get to work on a horse
Imagine how long it would take to write your own biography
Imagine how sorry everyone will be when you are dead
Imagine how to cope with being a werewolf
Imagine how you would escape from being tied up
Imagine how you would interview your boss for your job
Imagine how you would look after being told you have got a raise
Imagine how you would look after being told your raise doubles your salary
Imagine how you would pick a fight with your friends
Imagine life if you were as small as a cat
Imagine making a living by loaning people money
Imagine playing solitaire in a prison for thirteen years
Imagine pressing hot kisses onto the one you love
Imagine reading a diary of several past generations written by your greatgrandmother
Imagine riding home through tragic on a penny-farthing
Imagine standing next to the tallest tree in the world
Imagine ten things you might buy on vacation
Imagine the colors of fairies' wings
Imagine the weight of an elephant's suit of armor
Imagine the worst thing that could happen to you
Imagine two whales making love in the ocean
Imagine utter despair
Imagine wearing a fifth-century metal helmet a day
Imagine what child care is like for male seahorses
Imagine what excuses you would make if caught in an embarrassing position
Imagine what is "going on" next door
Imagine what it is like in Heaven
Imagine what it is like in Hell
Imagine what it is like to have an operation without anesthetic
Imagine what it would be like inside an iron maiden
Imagine what it would be like to be a fish in the sea
Imagine what people will be reading about in a year's time
Imagine what style of beard you prefer
Imagine what you will do between now and your retirement
Imagine what you will do when you retire
Imagine what you woud do with ultimate power
Imagine what you would be like as your boss's boss
Imagine what you would be worth if you had owned some successful shares for ten years
Imagine what you would do if you had only one year to live
Imagine what you would do if locked in a dungeon for twenty years
Imagine what you would do if you got your toe stuck in the bathtub faucet
Imagine what you would do if you had only one day to live
Imagine what you would do if you had only one week to live
Imagine what you would do if you were the richest person in the world
Imagine what you would do if you were very, very ugly
Imagine what you would do upon discovering someone you love has died
Imagine what you would do with $100,000
Imagine what you would do with superhero powers
Imagine what you would say in a message to space, trying to contact alien species
Imagine what you would say to someone - a friend or relative - who returns from the dead
Imagine what you would say to the Devil if you went to Hell
Imagine whom you would torture if you owned a rack
Imagine why you might have won an Oscar
Imagine wild sexual positions
Imagine wnat you would look with no hair
Imagine working in a pit crew for a racing team
Imagine working in a tower in a castle
Imagine you are about to take off in the space shuttle
Imagine you are floating in space
Imagine you are in control of a major operation
Imagine you are making love with Marilin Monroe (if you are a man
Imagine you are making love with Robert Redford (if you are a woman
Imagine Robert Redford and Marilyn Monroe making love together
Imagine your boss as a piece of fruit
Imagine your living room with new wallpaper
Imagine your worst nightmare
Imagine yourself in women's clothing (if you are a man
Imagine yourself as an artist painting your dream house
Imagine zero gravity
Imitate other people's way of walking
Improve your ambidextrous skills
Improve your whistling skills
In the two pictures shown upside down against each other, figure out the differences
Inform a colleague about the difference between a zubra and a zebra
Invent new items for a later edition of this book
Invent signals that you can send across a field
Invent a caption for this picture
Invent a conversation between Napoleon and Hitler
Invent a conversation with a drunk parrot
Invent a corresponaence with someone famous
Invent a day in the life of a small dinosaur
Invent a mechanical contraption to make the tea or coffee
Invent a motto
Invent a new animal using the characteristics of three existing ones
Invent a new identity for yourself
Invent a secret alphabet and write messages in it
Invent a wonderful fancy costume
Invent an office golf obstacle course
Invent an unusual fancy-dress costume
Invent characters for a novel
Invent families for these people
Invent imaginary creatures
Invent new monsters and creatures on paper and give them collegues’ names
Invent personalities for each of the people in this picture
Invent ten new "Old Testament" commandments
Invent ten reasons why you I would give people medals
Invent the conversation you might have if you met with an alien
Invent the worst opening sentence of a novel
Invent ways of disposing of a body
Invent Winston Churchill's next line
Invite friends out for a drink after work
Jump on your chair and shout "cockroachI" to frighten your colleagues
Keep a diary
Lace your shoes differently
Laugh at old photographs of yourself and colleagues
Laugh at your boss latest demands
Lean back in your chair and look at the ceiling
Learn five new words in your dictionary
Learn how to carry out resuscitation
Learn the symbols for the signs of the zodiac
Learn to calculate
Learn to draw an equilateral triangle
Learn to identify pasta types
Learn to identify the names for parts of a sword
Learn to identify the --- of earwigs
Learn to read your fortune in the lines on the palms of your hands
Lie horizontal on the floor
Lie very still and pretend to be dead
List a boy's and girl's name for each letter of the alphabet
List a the hotels you have stayed in
List all the animals you would like to visit at the zoo
List all the places in the world you would like to visit
List as many creepy-crawly insects as you can
List the faults of your friends
List what you would do if you had only ten days to live
List what you would do if you had only ten minutes to live
List your ten favorite actors or actresses
List your ten favorite names for boys
List your ten favorite names for girls
Listen in one private conversation
Listen in to other people's conversations and pretend they are talking to you
Listen to pop music on headphones
Listen to the radio
Look at old diaries to see what you did this timeast year and the year before
Look at your vacation photos
Look out of the window
Look through last year's staff party photographs
Look to See if anything has fallen behind the radiators
Look up the value of your old LPs in a catalog
Make a "Big Brother" poster of your boss using the photocopier
Make a Christmas card list of friends
Make a cup of coffee
Make a cup of tea
Make a funny hat
Make a ist of your charms
Make a liist of time-wasting activities
Make a list in order of priority of the tasks to do
Make a list of all the books you would like to read
Make a list of all the people you owe dinner invitations
Make a list of all the people you'd enjoy having --- with
Make a list of anagrams from your name
Make a list of books you have already read
Make a list of everything you ate yesterday
Make a list of extinct or endangered species
Make a list of friends you could write to when you get back
Make a list of omissions from this list
Make a list of people you should invite to dinner
Make a list of ten questions you would ask Napoleon should you meet in the afterlife
Make a list of the ten best films ever made
Make a list of the ten most attractive men in the world
Make a list of the ten most attractive women in the world
Make a list of the ten people you would arrest immediately if you became dictator
Make a list of the things you would do to your bank manager if you had power over him
Make a list of the things you are most afraid of having done
Make a list of the things you are most proud of having done
Make a list of things that you would pack to take on a vacation to Hawaii
Make a list of things to do on the weekend
Make a list of your best features
Make a list of your debts
Make a list of your faults
Make a list of your replies in answer to questions about your work colleagues so the lie detector does not reveal your true feelings
Make a machine for blowing smoke rings
Make a mask out of a piece of card or paper
Make a musical instrument from a paper and comb
Make a musical instrument out of drinking straws
Make a paper airplane
Make a paper box
Make a paper chain
Make a paper hat from office stationery
Make a paperclip chain
Make a parcel of unwanted objects and send it to someone in a different departs
Make a rubbing of a coin
Make a shopping list for next Christmas
Make faces at the goldfish
Make facial expressions in a mirror
Make funny faces at the person nearest you
Make ink blots and move them around to form shapes
Make labels for all the office drawers
Make patterns with paperclips
Make rude gestures to passersby
Make rude hand gestures
Make shadaw images with your hands
Make silhouette cutouts of your workmates
Make silly noises
Make sure that the birthdays of all your family and friends are listed in your office calendar
Make ten words from your name using each letter just once
Make up a joke
Make up a nonsense conversation to have with a friend
Make up anagrams for different countries
Make up some Chinese-style writing and invent what it says
Make your desk untidy then make it tidy again
Make your own crossword puzzle
Make yourself sneeze
March around the office like a Roman soldier
Massage the bags under your eyes
Master the art of playing musical spoons
Measure the height of the plant by your desk
Measure theength of your fingers
Measure your height
Meditate
Memorize the formula for calculating the velocity of water passing through a tube giving the interior distance and the speed
Memorize the order of the books in the "Old Testament"
Name Snow White's seven dwarfs
Name the 101 Dalmations
Panic
Peel an orange
Peep through a keyhole at an office meeting
Phone a friend and resolve a disagreement
Phone someone in your office to see if they are bored
Phone up an airline and find out how much it would cost to travel to London on Concorde
Phone up someone in the company you do not know and say hello
Photocopy pictures of places you would like to visit from an old history book
Photocopy your hand
Pick a day to take your children to the park
Pick off old nail polish
Pick the worst team you can think of in your favorite sport
Pick your nose
Pickyour teeth with a toothpick
Place a collection of new magazines in the bathroom for guests to read
Plan a bank robbery
Plan a camping vacation
Plan a day at your favorite beach
Plan a day when you stay at home sick and lie in bed and do nothing
Plan a Halloween party
Plan a night out with your best friends at your favorite restaurant
Plan a trip in a hot-air balloon with your partner
Plan a trip to Europe if you have not been there
Plan a visit to a local historic building
Plan how to give up smoking or any vice
Plan to achieve an ambition
Plan to dispose of a body
Plan what to do with the money when you win the state lottery
Plan what you will cook for dinner this evening
Plan what you would do with one ten hours to live
Plan your retirement
Play a card trick on a friend
Play a game of gin rummy
Play a tune on a cup with a spoon
Play a tune on a rubber band
Play a tune on your teeth
Play a tune on your teeth with a pencil or ballpoint pen
Play a tune with your tongue (make galloping sounds
Play an imaginary harmonica
Play cards with a colleague
Play cards with a group of workmates
Play music to your plants
Play solitaire
Play solitaire and cheat
Play with a hole in your teeth with your tongue
Play with the candy wrapper while you eat the candy
Play with the keys or money in your pocket
Play with the things on your desk
Play with worry beads
Play with your watch strap
Play your boss at checkers
Play yourself at chess - and cheat
Play yourself at tick-tack-toe
Play yourself at tick-tack-toe
Pluck your eyebrows
Polish a peach
Polish and shine an old coin
Polish spectacles
Polish your nails
Pop air out of the pockets in plastic sheet materials
Practice juggling
Practice balancing a dime on its edge
Practice bandaging your finger
Practice belching
Practice blinking with one eye and then the other
Practice blowing smoke rings
Practice body-building in a mirror
Practice different handwriting styles
Practice drawing perfect circles without a compass
Practice drinking from a cup while lying down
Practice farting
Practice folding your suitjacket for your next business trip
Practice forging your boss's signature
Practice hand shadow art
Practice insulting hand gestures
Practice levitating
Practice magic card tricks
Practice making strange faces in the mirror
Practice making paper cutouts
Practice rubbing your tummy and rubbing your head at the same time
Practice signing someone else's signature
Practice telepathy with your workmates
Practice the Mona Lisa smile
Practice the skill of clicking your fingers
Practice throwing crumpled up pieces of paper into the wastepaper basket
Practice touching your chin with your tongue
Practice touching your nose with your tongue
Practice walking on on leg
Practice writing a letter without looking at the paper
Practice writing your name with the hand you don't usually write with
Practice writing your signature left-hand
Practice your swimming skills by lying across a stool
Pray for an easier life
Pray for something good to happen
Predict which football team will win this year's Super Bowl
Press the cap of your ballpoint pen in and out
Pretend you are walking on the moon
Pretend gou are a race car driver
Pretend to be a bird
Pretend to be dead and lie very still
Pretend to dance around the room with Fred Astaire
Pretend to hold a gun and shoot people as they walk by
Pretend you are a statue
Pretend you are speaking to someone on phone
Pretend you can walk on the ceiling
Pretend you have lost your memory
Promise not to swear ever again
Promise to become a blood donor
Prune and shape the company bonsai tree
Puff up your cheeks and make squishing sounds with your mouth
Puff up your cheeks with air in your mouth
Pull down your cuffs and fiddle with the buttons widdle your thumbs
Pull off the petals of a flower reciting "she loves me - she loves me not"
Pull up your socks
Push back the cuticles on your nais
Put cotton balls in your ears and imagine you are deaf'
Put markers in books on topics of interest
Put the books on your Shelf in Order of subject
Raise hell
Raise your hat to an imaginary passerby
Read a book upside down to see if anyone notices
Read a map of the places you will never ao to
Read a newspaper
Read a tourist brochure
Read all of itoday's mail again
Read an old TV Guide
Read any section of a dull book
Read every entry in this book, holding it at arm's length
Read Genesis and give an estimate for the cost of creation
Read Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Read the acknowledgments of a book
Read the annual financial report of a major corporation - and figure out its real value
Read the Chinese take-out menu and chooseyour lunch
Read the ingredients on a sauce bottle
Read the obituary column of your local newspaper
Read this book right through again
Read this book with one eye shut
Read your horoscope in an old newspaper
Read your own fortune in a teacup
Rearrange tapes
Rearrange the boardroom furniture
Rearrange the office
Re-arrange the workspace
Recite the alphabet backward
Refill your fountain pen
Refill your staple gun
Rehearse your excuses for when you are caught in an embarrassing situation
Remember a long-lost relative or friend
Remember a sad moment
Remember a special day
Remember a trip to Europe
Remember all the people at your bus stop on the way to work
Remember all your old addresses
Remember an embarrassing moment as a child
Remember an old friend
Remember items in this book that have been repeated
Remember last Friday's hangover
Remember the age when you wore a bra
Remember the last time you won money at cards
Remember times when you were at a beach as child
Remember what you looked like when you were young
Remember where everything is in your living room
Remember where you've seen aarge clock (and what time it was)
Remember your childhood
Remember your fauorite song
Remember your first day at work
Remember your first girlfriend or boyfriend
Remember your first kiss
Remember your last train journey
Remove hairs from your clothes
Remove the chewing gum from underneath chairs and tables
Remove the dead flies from the lampshade
Remove the peel from an apple in one continuous piece
Repot the oflice plants
Reserve some tickets for a show
Rethink what was said to you yesterday
Retie your shoelaces
Ring your own phone number to check that your phone is working
Roll up bits of paper and throw them at friends
Rub the rim of a glass until it "sings"
Rub the sides of your nose with your thumb and forefinger
Rub your tummy while tapping your head
Run around the office as though someone were chasing you
Run naked around the office
Say "Oh, dear me" repeatedly
Scratch a spot
Scratch your arm where it is not itching
Scratch your eyebrow with your finger
Scribble on an old fax
Search for faces in the wallpaper
Search our hair for lice
Search the local telephone directory and call people with the same name as yourself and ask whether they are relatives
See how ar down a chair you can slide before you fall to the ground
See how far you can reach up your back with your hand
See how long you can hold your breath
See how many different positions you can get your desk lamp to go in
See how many different writing implements you can find
See how many times you can fold up a piece of paper
See how many ways you can write the name of the town you live in
See how many words you can make from your own full name
See what your name spells when you write it backward
See who has the most money in their pockets and make them buy lunch
Seek an understanding of your future in the pattern of coffee grinds in your cup
Select a name for your house
Send messages to colleagues via your computer
Send someone you love a gift
Set a clockwork mouse off around the office
Shadowbox
Sharpen all your pencils
Show a friend ---- photos
Show colleagues cartoons of your boss
Sing a song in the style of your favorite popstar
Sing arias from operas very loudly, waving your arms around at the same time
Sing your favorite song
Sit and catch people's eyes as they walk by
Sit and cross and uncross your legs
Sit and stare out of the window
Sit and think about why you work where you do
Sit and worry
Sit at a colleague's desk while they are not there
Sit facing a blank wall
Sit in as many different positions as you can in the same chair
Sit on the floor
Sit on the stairs
Sketch your workmates when they are not looking
Slurp your coffee to distract everyone
Smoke a cigar
Smoke pot in the storeroom
Snarl at someone you dislike
Sneak up behind a colleague and try to tie their shoelaces together
Sort out all your used envelopes
Sort out old newspapers and magazines
Sort out the rubber bands in the stationery drawer
Sort out used ballpoint pens
Spin a coin
Split a pencil to see if you can get the lead out in one piece
Squeeze the zits on your face
Stack up used paper cups and then knock them down
Stand and sit continually for thirty seconds
Stand holding a chair and swing alternate legs backward and forward
Stand On One leg for a month
Stand on your desk and wish everyone "Good morning!"
Stand on your head
Stand on your head and recite your favorite poem
Start an argument with colleagues
Stick ex libris plates on your books
Stomp on plastic cups
Straighten the picture on the wall
Straighten the wire clothes hangers in the closet
String together rubber bands
Study a map of a region you are unlikely to ever visit
Study the controls of a space shuttle so you can pilot the ship back to earth
Suck peanuts
Sulk
Surprise someone at work you don't know by taking them a cup of coffee or tea
Swap your socks over
Swat a fly
Swing on your chair
Take all the dead matches out of matchboxes
Take the bulb out of your desk lamp and replace it
Take up yoga
Take your pulse
Talk for hours on the phone
Talk to a colleague about your favorite schoolteachers
Talk to a friend about a problem at home
Talk to angels
Talk to fairies
Talk to the office plants
Teach yourself to play the spoons
Tear an old telephone directory in half
Tease a workmate
Tell a friend what happened over breakfast
Tell someone a spooky campfire tale
Tell someone to calm down
Tell someone you just really don't care
Test the pens on your desk
Test your eyes using an eye-testing chart
Test your IQ
Test your memory by writing down what you did yesterday
Thi nk what you would do if you inherited a mansion
Think about cleaning your children's bedrooms
Think about haw big this dinosaur's toes might have been after seeing its thigh bone
Think about how humans evolved
Think about how lonely astronauts must feel up in space
Think about looking down from a great height
Think about ---
Think about your favorite type of tree
Think back to when you last mowed a lawn
Think how long it would take you to draw the Bayeux Tapestry
Think of a caption for the two pictures below
Think of a comic you read as a child
Think of a different thing you could do during your lunch break for the next two weeks
Think of a famous person you would like to draw or interview
Think of a job you would not like to do
Think of a new route to get to work
Think of a new use for a strange tool
Think of a news story for an employee newsletter
Think of a spot in the countryside you have longed to visit
Think of all the things you can sell that you don't really need
Think of an animal for each letter of the alphabet
Think of five people you would give a medal for bravery
Think of how you would fire someone if you were the boss
Think of something you would prefer to be doing now
Think of ten climb the stairs to work in a suit of armor
Think of ten excuses you could have used to stay in bed this morning
Think of ten reasons why you should not get married
Think of ten reasons why you should get married
Think of ten ways to cure a hangover
Think of ten ways to get away with murder
Think of the day you got married
Think of the reason why there are entries in this book
Think of the ten most beautiful women in the world
Think of the ten most handsome men in the world
Think of uses for every room in your own castle
Think of your favorite soccer goal and imagine yourself as the goalkeeper
Think qf ten ways to get into a castle unnoticed
Think up an advertisement using a toucan
Think up the most unlikely business trip
Think what graffiti you would write on the toilet walls
Think what would be your favorite sight from the crow's nest of a ship
Think what you could do with three extra fingers
Think what you will bring back as presents for friends and relatives from your next vacation
Think what you would do if you lost your job
Think what you would do with three wishes from your very own genie
Think where you would like to be buried when you die
Think who you would take away with you for a dream weekend
Throw a fit
Throw all your problems at someone else
Throw away old credit cards and business cards
Throw playing cards into a hat
Throw things at people from your office window (then hide
Throw your paper airplane to someone, if you haven't already
Tidy your office drawers
Tidy your work area
Tie knots in a piece of string
Tie little bits of string into one long piece
Tie up your shoelace with only one hand
Torment the cat
Toss a coin in the air as high as you can without hitting the ceiling
Toss a coin ten times to see how many times it comes up heads
Toss a dime from your forearm onto your hand
Touch your toes
Trim your nose hairs
Try a self-portrait
Try and remember your parents' zip code
Try on hats from the hat stand
Try to add letters to a notice to change its meaning
Try to catch nuts in your mouth by throwing them in the air
Try to curl up your toes
Try to find a baby sitter and arrange a night out
Try to get a dent out of a Ping-Pong ball
Try to guess the color of objects while blindfolded
Try to imagine what your children are doing
Try to look at the end of your nose
Try to move a coin by telepathy
Try to pick up small objects using crossed fingers
Try to read a page of a book upside down
Try to recall the names of kids in your elemental scool
Try to recall the periodic table
Try to recall your earliest thoughts
Try to remember the Gettysburg Address
Try to remember old group photos and the names of everyone in them
Try to remember old jokes
Try to remember the color of your friends eyes
Try to remember the formula for the volume of a sphere
Try to remember the license plate numbers of a the cars you have ever owned
Try to remember the name of the tiny man in The Maltese Falcon
Try to remember the order of Ten Commandments
Try to remember the tune of the Warsaw Concerto
Try to remember what is the most you have ever drunk on one occasion
Try to remember what you are supposed to be doing
Try to remember what you did last week
Try to remember what you did this time last year
Try to remember where you put last year's Christmas list
Try to remember who got drunk at the office party
Try to remember who taught you chemistry in college
Try to remember who told them
Try to remember who was the class "brain" when you were fifteen years old
Try to remember who won old national sports events
Try to remember with how many airlines you have flown
Try to see down your throat with a mirror
Try to see the minute hand of your watch moving
Try to slide as far down a chair as possible without falling off
Try to touch your elbow with your tongue
Try to wiggle your toes
Turn out your pockets and brush off the fluff
Turn the radio on and find the most boring channel
Turn your underwear inside-out
Twist around and around on your chair
Twist the end of an imaginal mustache
Twist your face into different shapes
Twist your legs around the chair in which you are sitting
Type an anonymous letter to someone and send it through inter-office mail
Type your curriculum vitae
Untangle t:he telephone cord
Untangle the cords on your blinds
Visit a friend
Wait until your boss leaves, then blow a raspberry
Wake up a friend
Wake up your grandparents with a phone call
Walk about quickly so you look busy
Walk around the building looking busy
Walk up and down
Wander around the office looking busy
Wash out old fountain pens
Wash your hands
Watch a friend work
Watch a friend working and mimic their habits
Watch a sunset
Watch the clouds to see which way the wind is blowing
Watch water run down a window pane
Water the plants
Wear a fancy hat for an hour
Whistle a tune
Whistle out a tune
Wind up your watch
Wink at someone across the room
Work as slowly as a snail or a giant tortoise
Work out how much you could save if you gave up smoking or other activities
Work out how to pay for your dream car
Work out how to spend this week's paycheck
Work out number puzzles in your head
Work out the perfect murder
Work out the real meaning of life
Work out what percentage of your salary you spend on going to work
Work out what time it is in Tokyo
Work out your height in meters
Work out your weight in kilos
Write a letter of protest about some local urban development to the relevant government officials
Write a letter to a famous person who is dead
Write a letter to Santa Claus
Write a letter to the Prime Minister of Britain
Write a limerick
Write a poem
Write a rude note to your bank
Write down all the people that you really care about
Write down ten reasons why you belong to your religion (if you are religious
Write graffiti on toilet walls
Write letter to a friend
Write lyrics to Ravel's Bolero
Write out your favorite poem as small as you can
Write the year in Roman numerals
Write the first paragraph of a comedy or a tragedy for the theater
Write the words to your favourite song backwards
Write to the author of this book
Write to the author of this book and thank him for wasting your time
Write words in the mist formed by your breath on a cold window or mirror
Write your autobiography in brief
Write your date of birth in Roman numerals
Write your epitaph
Write your name and address in mirror writing
Write your name on your office cup
Write your obituary

Hi............. Could you please show me just a dot in your post??????????:eh: you'd better arrange it, otherwise it won't be useful for anyone........l
Also this kind of articles can be posted here:l

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Good Luck :happy:l

نقل قول:

---

نوشته شده توسط amintnt [ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Hi............. Could you please show me just a dot in your post??????????:eh: you'd better arrange it, otherwise it won't be useful for anyone........l
Also this kind of articles can be posted here:l

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Good Luck :happy:l

---

The post is arranged and i could read it easily. Is it necessaty to put dot ?!

it was a pretty long one

KILLING BY BILLING
One day I went 2 Dr.Kill
Who lived near the dirty mill
At the foot of a small hill

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]
He asked me what was my ill
I said just chill chill! just chill!
He gave me dozens of pills
Made of fish gill
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]
And advised me a series of drill
To be done till my will
But the result was still nil.
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]
I told i m very ill still
He gave me his long bill
And asked me to fill
Before i write my last will! [ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Today is no special day and I have no particular reason for writing to you...

I have no news to tell you....

nor any problems to discuss with you....

or gossip to tell you...

It's only one of those happy moments...

when I thought of you...

and I would like to share these thoughts with you...


MANY SMILES BEGIN BECAUSE OF ANOTHER SMILE...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]


Always have good self esteem...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]



Take care of your friends, especially those dearest to you...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]


Take care of your body...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]



But most of all find time to relax...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]



A Big Hug from your friend...
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

World is Mine

Today, upon a bus, I saw a girl with golden hair
I looked at her and sighed and wished I was as fair.
When suddenly she rose to leave,
I saw her hobble down the aisle.
She had one leg and used a crutch
But as she passed, she passed a smile.
Oh, God, forgive me when I whine
I have 2 legs, the world is mine.
~~~
I stopped to buy some candy
The lad who sold it had such charm
I talked with him a while, he seemed so very glad
If I were late, it'd do no harm.
And as I left, he said to me,
"I thank you, you've been so kind.
It's nice to talk with folks like you.
You see," he said, "I'm blind."
Oh, God, forgive me when I whine.
I have 2 eyes, the world is mine.
~~~
Later while walking down the street,
I saw a child with eyes of blue
He stood and watched the others play
He did not know what to do.
I stopped a moment and then I said,
"Why don't you join the others, dear?"
He looked ahead without a word.
And then I knew, he couldn't hear.
Oh, God, forgive me when I whine.
I have 2 ears, the world is mine.
~~~
With feet to take me where I'd go.
With eyes to see the sunset's glow.
With ears to hear what I would know.
Oh, God, forgive me when I whine.
I've been blessed indeed, The world is mine.

Marriage and Men
- When a man decides to marry, it may be the last decision he'll ever make.

- Some men who speak with authority at work know enough to bow to a higher authority at home

- A dish towel will certainly wipe the contented look off a married man's face

- Love is the quest, marriage is the conquest, divorce is the inquest.

- An engagement is an urge on the verge of a merge.

- Marriage brings music to a man's life. He learns to play second fiddle.

- Getting married is one mistake every man should make.

- A well-informed man is one whose wife has just told him what she thinks of him.

- Courtship, unlike proper punctuation, is a period before a sentence.

- The argument you just won with your wife isn't over yet.

and lastly...... ......

- Before criticizing your wife's faults, you must remember it may have been these very defects which prevented her from gettting a better husband that the one she married!

Before the marriage:

He: Yes. At last. It was so hard to wait.

She: Do you want me to leave?

He: NO! Don't even think about it.

She: Do you love me?

He: Of course!

She: Have you ever cheated on me?

He: NO! Why you even asking?

She: Will you kiss me?

He: Yes!

She: Will you hit me?

He: No way! I'm not such kind of person!

She: Can I trust you?

He: Yes.

Now after the marriage you can read it from bellow to up !!!!

Your Love is Ur Heart,

Your heart is Ur Spouse,

Your spouse is Ur Future,

Your future is Ur Destiny,

Your destiny is Ur Ambition,

Your ambition is Ur Aspiration,

Your aspiration is Ur Motivation,

Your motivation is Ur Belief,

Your belief is Ur Peace,

Your peace is Ur Target,

Your target is Heaven,

Heaven is no fun without FRIENDS.





F- Few

R- Relations

I - In

E - Earth

N - Never

D- Die
[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

Always try to help a friend in need

Believe in yourself

Be brave...but it's ok to be afraid sometimes

Study hard

Give lots of kisses

Laugh often

Don't be overly concerned with your weight, it's just a number

Always try to see the glass half full

Meet new people, even if they look different to you

Remain calm, even when it seems hopeless

Take lots of naps..

Be weird whenever you have the chance

Love your friends, no matter who they are

Don't waste food

RELAX

Take an occasional risk


Try to have a little fun each day

...it's important

Work together as a team

Share a joke with friends

Fall in love with someone..

...and say "I love you" often

Express yourself creatively

Be conscious of your appearance

Always be up for surprises

Love someone with all of your heart

Share with friends

Watch your step

It will get better

There is always someone who loves you more than you know

Exercise to keep fit

Live up to your name

Seize the Moment

Hold on to good friends; they are few and far between

Indulge in the things you truly love

Cherish every Sunday

At the end of the day... PRAY

....... and close your eyes

And smile at least once a day!

[ برای مشاهده لینک ، با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ]

GOOD FRIEND

Sometimes in life, you find a special friend;

Someone who changes your life

just by being part of it.

Someone who makes you laugh

until you can't stop;

Someone who makes you believe

that there really is good in the world.

Someone who convinces you

that there really is an unlocked door

just waiting for you to open it.

TRUST

TRUST is a very important factor for all relationships. When trust is broken, it is the end of the relationship. Lack of trust leads to suspicion, suspicion generates anger, anger causes enmity and enmity may result in separation.

A telephone operator told me that one day she received a phone call. She answered, "Public Utilities Board." There was silence. She repeated, "PUB." There was still no answer. When she was going to cut off the line, she Heard a lady's voice, "Oh, so this is PUB. Sorry, I got the number from my Husband's pocket but I do not know whose number it is."

Without mutual trust, just imagine what will happen to the couple if the

telephone operator answered with just "hello" instead of "PUB".

NO POINTING FINGERS
با انگشتان اشاره نکنید.

A man asked his father-in-law, "Many people praised you for a successful marriage. Could you please share with me your secret?"
The father-in-law answered in a smile, "Never criticize your wife for her shortcomings or when she does something wrong. Always bear in mind that because of her shortcomings and weaknesses, she could not find a better husband than you."

We all look forward to being loved and respected. Many people are afraid of losing face. Generally, when a person makes a mistake, he would look around to find a scapegoat to point the finger at. This is the start of a war. We should always remember that when we point one finger at a person, the other four fingers are pointing at ourselves.

If we forgive the others, others will ignore our mistake too.

..

HOW A SON/DAUGHTER THINKS OF HIS/HER DAD AT DIFFERENT AGES:

At 4 Years
My daddy is great.

At 6 Years
My daddy knows everybody.


At 10 Years
My daddy is good but is short tempered


At 12 Years
My daddy was very nice to me when I was young.


At 14 Years
My daddy is getting fastidious.


At 16 Years
My daddy is not in line with the current times.


At 18 Years
My daddy is becoming increasingly cranky.


At 20 Years
Oh! Its becoming difficult to tolerate daddy. Wonder how Mother puts
up with him.


At 25 Years
Daddy is objecting to everything.


At 30 Years
It's becoming difficult to manage my son. I was so scared of my father
when I was young.


At 40 Years
Daddy brought me up with so much discipline. Even I should do the same.

At 45 Years
I am baffled as to how my daddy brought us up.
At 50 Years
My daddy faced so many hardships to bring us up. I am unable to manage
a single son.
At 55 Years
My daddy was so far sighted and planned so many things for us. He is
one of his kind and unique.
At 60 Years
My daddy is great.
Thus, it took 56 years to complete the cycle and come back to the 1st stage.
Realise the true value of your parents before its too late.

.

پیچاندنیهای انگلیسی
TOUNG TWISTERS

. 1.If you understand, say "understand". If you don't understand, say"don't understand". But if you understand and say "don't understand".How do I understand

that you understand? Understand!

2 .I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.

3 .Sounding by sound is a sound method of sounding sounds.


4 .A sailor went to sea to see, what he could see. And all he could see was sea, sea, sea.

5.Purple Paper People, Purple Paper People, Purple Paper People

TOUNG TWISTERS

7 .I thought a thought.But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn't have thought so much.

8 .Once a fellow met a fellow In a field of beans. Said a fellow to a fellow, "If a fellow asks a fellow, Can a fellow tell a fellow What a fellow means?"

. 9 .Mr Inside went over to see Mr Outside. Mr Inside stood outside and called to MrOutside inside. Mr Outside answered Mr Inside from inside and Told Mr Inside to come inside. Mr Inside said "NO", and told Mr Outside to come outside. MrOutside and Mr Inside argued from inside and outside about going outside or coming inside. Finally, Mr Outside coaxed Mr Inside to come inside, then both Mr Outside and Mr Inside went outside to the riverside.

10 .SHE SELLS SEA SHELLS ON THE SEA SHORE , BUT THE SEA SHELLS THAT SHE SELLS, ON THE SEA SHORE ARE NOT THE REAL ONES .

TOUNG TWISTERS

11 .The owner of the inside inn was inside his inside inn with his inside outside his inside inn.
13 .We surely shall see the sun shine shortly. Whether the weather be fine, Or whether the weather be not, Whether the weather be cold Or whether the weather be hot, We'll weather the weather Whatever the weather, Whether we like it or not. watch? Whether the weather is hot. Whether the weather is cold. Whether the weather is either or not. It is whether we like it or not.

14 .Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.

15 .A flea and a fly in a flue Said the fly "Oh what should we do" Said the flea" Let us fly Said the fly"Let us flee" So they flew through a flaw in the
12 .If one doctor doctors another doctor does the doctor who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the way the doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or does the doctor doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?
"When a doctor falls ill another doctor doctor's the doctor. Does the doctor doctoring the doctor doctor the doctor in his own way or does the doctor doctoring the doctor doctors the doctor in the doctor's way

TOUNG TWISTERS

16 .If you tell Tom to tell a tongue-twister his tongue will be twisted as tongue-twister twists tongues.

17 .Mr. See owned a saw.And Mr. Soar owned a seesaw. Now See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw Before Soar saw See, Which made Soar sore.Had Soar seen See's saw Before See sawed Soar's seesaw, See's saw would not have sawed Soar's seesaw. So See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw.But it was sad to see Soar so sore Just because See's saw sawed