In the name of God
Unit 13
Present perfect 1
The present perfect tense refer to a time period from some point in the past to the present time.
Have or Has + the past participle of the verb
The past participle of the regular verbs has exactly the same form as the simple past, i.e. lived, worked,
But in irregular verbs, the past participle vary, i.e. written, put, read…
The negative is formed by adding not to the auxiliary.
a) I have not worked here.
b) He has not gone out.
The interrogative is formed by inverting the auxiliary.
a) Have you worked?
b) Has he gone out?
There are two types of present perfect action:
1. Action that begins in the past and continues to the present.
Words often used to show continued action from the past to the present are: Since, for up to present, until now, so far, for the past hour, for the past few days, in a long time, all day, lately.
a) Martin and Hal have worked together for twelve years.
b) Since he graduated from college, he has attended every reunion.
c) So far, they have enjoyed the biology class very much.
2. Action that is completed before the present. Unlike the past tense, the action has no association with the time it took place. We are not told when the action occurred; the time of the action is unimportant.
Words commonly used are: Many times, several times, once, twice, three times, already, just, recently, finally and ever.
a) My niece has boughta new car.
b) Claudia has the smallest camera I have ever seen.
c) I believe that Joe has finally reached a decision.
Compare these sentences:
1. Have you had breakfast? No, I have not.
1. Did you have breakfast at the hotel? (Before you left the hotel: simple past)
In 2nd sentence, we use the present perfect to give new information, but when we want to continue the action, we use the simple past.
2. a) I ve burnt myself.
b) How did you do that?
a) I picked up the hot dish.
.
Pay attention to the following sentences:
a) They are in the same class the past three years. (This sentence is wrong)
The correct sentence is:
a) They have been in the same class the past three years.
Or this sentence:
b) In what year have you begun to study English?
The right sentence is:
b) In what year did you begin to study English?
The past tense
The past tense is used to express a completed action which took place at a specific time in the past. The specific time is either stated or implied.
a) Our friends were late for the concert last night.
b) When Alice lost her puppy, she cried.
c) As soon as the actress began to speak, everyone applauded.
Note: more than one past tense may be used in a sentence when the action occurred in the past at the same time
Pay attention to the following error:
a) The earliest immigrants have come to America for religious freedom.
The correct sentence is:
a) The earliest immigrants came to America for religious freedom.
حاضر كامل:
به عملي گويند كه كه از نقطه اي در زمان گذشته آغاز شده و تا زمان حال به صورتي مكرر ادامه مي يابد. به خاطر داشته باشيد كه به صورت مستمر نيست.
نكته: در مورد فعلهاي با قاعده فقط كافيست آخر فعل ed اضافه كنيم . اما در مورد افعال بي قاعده فرق مي كند .
Ø براي منفي كردن افعال كافيست به فعل كمكي آن not اضافه كنيم :
ü من اين دستورالعملها را نخوانده ام.
I have not read these instructions.
ü تام ماشين را نشسته است.
Tom has not washed the car.
Ø براي سوالي كردن هم بايد فعل كمكي را به اول جمله بياوريم:
ü آيا تو صبحانه خورده اي؟ بله. يا خير .
Have you had breakfast? Yes, I have. Or No, I have not.
ü آيا آنها سه بار امروز صبح زنگ زده اند؟
Have they rung up three times this morning?
اين زمان را به دو منظور استفاده مي كنند:
· يكي مدتي كه يك عمل از گذشته تا حال طول كشيده است كه به آن حاضر كامل گويند. ازاين كلمات استفاده مي شود:
Since, for up to present, until now, so far, for the past hour, for the past few days, in a long time, all day, lately
ü 6 ساله اينجا زندگي مي كنيم.
We have lived here for 6 years.
ü او از كلاس زست شناسي تا به حال خيلي لذت برده است .
So far, he has enjoyed the biology class very much.
ü شركت اخيرا با مشكلات مالي روبرو بوده است.
Lately, the company has had financial problems.
· وديگري براي گزارش كاري از گذشته كه تمام شده و الان راجع به آن گزارش مي دهيم و نتيجه اي از ان مي گيريم .
كلماتي كه مي توان در اين قالب آورد:
Many times, several times, once, twice, three times, already, just, recently, finally and ever.
ü آنها بارها در آن رستوران غذا خورده اند.
They have eaten in that garden restaurant many times.
ü آيا تو يكبار هم با هواپيما پرواز كرده اي؟
Have you flown on a plane only once?
گذشته ساده:
كذشته ساده در كل به عملي تكميل شده در گذشته اشاره دارد. مي تواند در گذشته يكبار يا چندين باراين عمل انجام گردد و گزارش آن در زمان حال داده شود.
ü وقتيكه به اتاق آمدم، چراغ را خاموش كرد.
When I came in the room, he turned off the light.
ü دوستانم به كنسرت ديشب دير رسيدند.
Our friends were late for the concert last night.
ü ويليام در يك مزايده(حراجي) شركت كرد اما هيچ نقاشي نخريد.
William attended the art auction but they did not buy any of the painting.
exersice:
http://www.freezpic.com/pics/2353054cb0b657bdce17b8ef520f303c.jpg
