معرفی سایت ها و وبلاگ های زمین شناسی

Introduction to the Proterozoic Era

کد:

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/proterozoic.html

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Introduction to the Proterozoic Era from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Oldest rocks contain oxygen clues

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/864344.stm

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An article from BBC News that looks at evidence for a sudden increase in oxygen in Earth's atmosphere between 2.1 and 2.5 billion years ago.

Proterozoic Era: Life

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/proterolife.html

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Introduction to Life in the Proterozoic Era from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Learning About the Vendian Animals

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/critters.html

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Overview of life 560 million years ago from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

The Dawn of Animal Life

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http://geol.queensu.ca/museum/exhibits/dawnex.html

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Overview of Precambrian Life, from The Miller Museum of Geology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Palaeos: The Proterozoic

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http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Proterozoic.htm

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Overview of Proterozoic life and paleogeography, with links tomore information.

Proterozoic Rocks

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http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/legend/ages/proterozoic.html

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Map showing Proterozoic Rocks, from The North American Tapestry of Time and Terrain.

Stromatolites of America

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http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/StromatolitesAmerica.htm

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Illustrations of Archean and Proterozoic stromatolites, including some in banded iron formations.

EarthNet Dynamic Earth

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http://earthnet-geonet.ca/earth/earth_e.php

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Overview of the early history of the Earth with emphasis on the Proterozoic. >From the Virtual Resource Center for Earth Science Educators, Canada.

Small Shelly Fauna

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http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Paleontology/SmaSheFau.html

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Small shelly fauna (including Cloudina) in the latest Proterozoic near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.

Welcome to the Planets

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http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/

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A collection of images of the planets from NASA's planetary exploration program.

National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC)

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http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/

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NASA's National Space Science Data Center with links to pages with fact sheets and images of planets, miscellaneous solar system objects, sun, astronomical objects, and more.

Views of the Solar System

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http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm

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An overview of the Solar System by Calvin J. Hamilton.

Origins of Life

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http://www.resa.net/nasa/origins_life.htm

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Overview and links to papers on the origin of life.

Hadean Time

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/hadean.html

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An introduction to the Hadean from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Introduction to the Archaean

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/archaean.html

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An introduction to the Archean from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

World's Oldest Rocks Suggest Early Earth Was Habitable

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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1128_021128_earth_crust.html

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An article from National Geographic news on the oldest rocks and information gleaned from their zircon grains.

Earlier Water on Earth? Oldest Rock Suggests Hospitable Young Planet

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http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0102.htm

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An article from the National Science Foundation on 4.4 billion year old rocks that show evidence for liquid water on Earth's surface.

Earth's First 3.7 Billion Years

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http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/courses/v1001/first3bill.html

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A lecture from a course entitled "Dinosaurs and the History of Life" by Paul Olsen at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

The Beginnings of Life on Earth

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http://www.americanscientist.org/amsci/articles/95articles/cdeduve.html

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The beginnings of life on Earth, from an American Scientist article by Christian de Duve.

Exploratour - The Archean Age

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http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/cool_stuff/tour_Archean_1.html

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>From Windows to the Universe, the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Michigan. The site provides information and images about the development of Earth layers and atmosphere, volcanism, the formation of the ocean, the evolution of life, and continent development.

Paleos: The Precambrian Timescale

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http://www.palaeos.com/Timescale/Precambrian.htm

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A summary of biological evolution and geologic changes in the Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic.

An Alternative Earth

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http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1130%2F1052-5173(2003)013%3C0004:AAE%3E2.0.CO%3B2

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An Alternative Earth, by Warren B. Hamilton, from GSA Today, 2003. An unconventional model for the early evolution of the Earth.

This Dynamic Earth

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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

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This Dynamic Earth, the story of plate tectonics. From the U.S. Geological Survey.

Virtual Earthquake

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http://www.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualEarthquake/

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An interactive program to teach you how earthquake epicenters are located and how earthquake magnitudes are determined.

Earth's Interior

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http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html

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Explorations of the Earth's Interior, from the University of Nevada, Reno.

Plate Tectonics Animations

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http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/animate/

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Plate tectonics animations from the U.S. Geological Survey.

Plate Tectonics

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http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/introduction.html

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Illustrated notes on plate tectonics from Volcano World. (Click the "next" button.)

What on Earth is plate tectonics?

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http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/pltec/index.html

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Introduction to plate tectonics? From the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service.

Fault Motion

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http://www.iris.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm

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Animations of fault motions, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS).

Faults

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http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/slides/faults/slideshow/index.htm

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Photographic images of faults from the NOAA/National Geophysical Data Center, on the IRIS website.

Seafloor images

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http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/

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Seafloor images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Crustal age of the ocean floor, Marianas Trench, seafloor topography from satellite altimetry, sediment thickness in the oceans, and more.

Savage Earth

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http://www.wnet.org/savageearth/animations/hellscrust/main.html

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Series of animations to accompany PBS documentary on the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, faults, types of earthquake waves.

Keck Geology Consortium Structural Geology Slide Set

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http://www.eos.ubc.ca/public/resources/slidesets/keck/keck.html

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A collection of 100 slides of various structural geology features. compiled by H. Robert Burger, Smith College with the support of the W. M. Keck Foundation, Los Angeles. The database was developed by the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Plate Tectonics, the Cause of Earthquakes

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http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html

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Plate Tectonics, the Cause of Earthquakes. Great pictures. From the Nevada Seismological Laboratory.

Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science

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http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/evolution98/

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An online book published by the National Academy Press.

Stories from the Fossil Record

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/stories/middle/intro.html

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Interactive tutorials on paleoecology, geologic time, biodiversity, and past lives (on the behavior and features of extinct organisms, and how they evolved).

Getting into the Fossil Record

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/fossil/index.html

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Tutorial with animations and interactivity . Provides gain a basic understanding of what a fossil is and the factors involved in becoming part of the fossil record. Written at two levels, for younger students (grades 5-8), as well as a section with greater detail and vocabulary for older students (grades 9-12), which is also suitable for college level students.

Life has a History

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/intro/Intro9-12/tour1nav.html

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Interactive tutorial on the diversity of life, variation and natural selection, fossils, evolution and the geologic time scale, cladograms, evolutionary relationships among organisms, and extinctions. Be sure to click on all of the the links on each page, in order to be able to advance to the next page.

Life on Earth

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http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Life_on_Earth#refs

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Life on Earth from the Tree of Life website

Micropaleontology

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http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/paleo/paleo_home.html

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What do fossils and paleontology have to do with oil? An introduction to dating rocks using microfossils, from The Paleontological Research Institution.

Introduction to Ichnology

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http://www.envs.emory.edu/ichnology/index.html

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Introduction to Ichnology, The Study of Plant and Animal Traces. >From Anthony J. Martin, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University.

Fossil Preservation Laboratory

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/preservationlab.php

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Fossil Preservation Laboratory. From the Historical Geology Online Laboratory Manual by Pamela J. W. Gore, Georgia Perimeter College.

The Virtual Fossil Museum

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http://www.fossilmuseum.net/index.html

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Fossils across geological time presented in multiple contexts of geological history, the tree of life, paleobiology and evolution. Good photos of fossils including the Cambrian soft-bodied organisms from the Maotianshan Shale, Chengjiang China and a variety of fossil insects in amber.

Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park

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http://ashfall.unl.edu/

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Visit a fossil site in Kansas where more than 200 fossil skeletons including a herd of rhinos and other species was entombed by volcanic ash 12 million years ago.

Oceans of Kansas

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http://www.oceansofkansas.com/index2.html

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Fossils from the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Sea. Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, sharks and more.

Depositional Sedimentary Environments

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/sedenvirons.htm

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An introduction to the major continental, transitional and marine depositional sedimentary environments. with links to charts used to classify sedimentary environments, and laboratory exercises from Pamela Gore at Georgia Perimeter College.

Virtual Sand Collection

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http://www.paccd.cc.ca.us/instadmn/physcidv/geol_dp/dndougla/SAND/SANDHP.htm

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Examine sands of the world and work through an exercise using images of sand at different magnifications. From Pasadena City College in California.

The Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks

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http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/folkready/index.html

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The Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks by Robert L. Folk is an online version of a classic sedimentary petrology textbook.

Sedimentary Rocks

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http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/

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Sedimentary rock classification, depositional environments, and relationship between tectonics and sedimentary rocks.

Sands of the World

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http://www.ed.uri.edu/homepage/projects/ocean/sand.html

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An interactive Earth Science project from the University of Rhode Island.

Sedimentary Structures Laboratory

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/sedstructureslab.php

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An illustrated introduction to the major primary sedimentary structures from Pamela Gore at Georgia Perimeter College.

Sedimentary Structures Slides

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http://earthsciences.dal.ca/undergrad/classes/2203/cm01/2203-cm01.html

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Illustrations of sedimentary structures from an Earth Science course at Dalhousie University.

Sedimentary Rocks

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/sed102.htm

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A discussion of the interpretation of the texture and composition of sedimentary rocks in terms of energy levels in the depositional environment, source area lithology, paleoclimate, tectonic activity in the source area and time in the depositional basin from Pamela Gore at Georgia Perimeter College.

Images of Bedforms and Crossbedding

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http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/seds/

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Animated images of bedforms and cross-bedding. From the U. S. Geological Survey, Western Region Coastal & Marine Geology Program, Menlo Park California.

Sedimentary rocks and processes

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http://www.ees.nmt.edu/Geol/classes/geol318/homepage.html

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Includes photos of sedimentary structures and textures. A course at New Mexico Tech by Peter Mosley.

An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy

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http://www.uga.edu/~strata/sequence/seqStrat.html

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An online guide to sequence stratigraphy by Steven Holland at the University of Georgia.

Stratigraphy and the Stratigraphic Column

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http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/geology/stratigraphy.html

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Discussion of what a stratigraphic column is and how to draw one. >From "The World of Oil" a lesson in Petroleum Education by the Paleontological Research Institution.

Web resources for Sedimentary Geologists

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http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Erdorsey/SedResources.html

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Web resources for Sedimentary Geologists, by Becky Dorsey at the University of Oregon. Links to professional societies, publicaitons, software, research pages, and more.

Rocks

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http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks1.html

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Volcano World lesson on rocks and minerals with large, clear photographs. Work your way through the tutorial by clicking on the "next" button at the bottom of the page.

The Physical Characteristics of Minerals

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http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/property/physical.htm

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The physical characteristics of minerals, listing of minerals in alphabetical order, chemical groups of minerals, collecting localities, etc.

Mineralogy 4 Kids

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http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/K_12.html

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The Mineralogical Society of America's website for information about rocks and minerals. Suitable for K-12.

Minerals

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http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/minerals.html

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This Volcano World webpage introduces you to atoms, elements, minerals, the structure of silicate minerals, and common minerals in volcanic rocks.

Smithsonian Department of Mineral Sciences

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http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/

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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Department of Mineral Sciences. Link to information on collections, exhibits (see The Dynamic Earth and other exhibits), photo galleries, and more.

Rocks and Minerals Laboratory

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/rocks_minerals.php

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Rocks and Minerals Laboratory from the Historical Geology Online Laboratory Manual by Pamela Gore, Georgia Perimeter College.

Geodetectives Rocks and Minerals

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http://www.nps.gov/brca/Geodetect/Rocks%20&%20Minerals/RM%20unitpage.htm

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GeoDetectives, Bryce Canyon National Park: Rocks and Minerals. Links to igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, depositional environments and more.

Atlas of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals, and Textures

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http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/mainmenu.html

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Atlas of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals, and Textures from the University of North Carolina.

Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks

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http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/~lee2602/atlas/atlas.html

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Atlas of sedimentary rock photos from Seoul National University, Korea.

Crystal Structure Movies

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http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~eps2/wisc/geo360/mov.html

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Watch crystal structures of silicate minerals and a few non-silicate minerals rotate, or move them yourself. A good way to visualize three dimensional crystal structures.

What's a Rock Cycle?

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http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/geology/geology1.html

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Desciption of the rock cycle from the Paleontological Research Institution.

Sedimentary Rocks

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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/sedrx.htm

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Formation and classification of sedimentary rocks with a brief overview of sedimentary structures and depositional environments from Pamela Gore at Georgia Perimeter College.

The International Stratigraphic Chart

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http://www.stratigraphy.org/chus.pdf

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The International Stratigraphic Chart is the most up-to-date version of the geologic time chart, produced by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

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http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm

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Detailed information to support the new International Stratigraphic Chart. The "Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)" details the principal events during each subdivision of the geologic time chart. Click on the links to see where the chronostratigraphic boundaries have been defined. Detailed maps, stratigraphic sections and fossil data are listed for stage and system boundaries. This is the most up-to-date and definitive information about the geologic time chart.

Interactive Geological Time Scale

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http://www.earthscienceworld.org/timescale/timescale.html?Time=

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The American Geological Institute's version of the geological time scale, based on information from the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

Understanding Geologic Time

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/geotime.html

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Animated educational module by the University of California Museum of Paleontology. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

Web Geological Time Machine

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/geology.html

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Explore the geologic time scale with the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory

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http://www.c14dating.com/

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Radiocarbon WEB-info from New Zealand. Method, measurement, applications, sample prep labs, K-12 information, etc.

Radiocarbon - An international journal of cosmogenic isotope research

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http://packrat.aml.arizona.edu/

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Research articles and date lists relevant to 14C and other radioisotopes and techniques used in archaeological, geophysical, oceanographic, and related dating.

Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective

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http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html

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Simple descriptions of how a number of the dating techniques work, accuracy of the half-lives of radioactive elements and dates, and how dates are checked against one another. The paper clarifies a number of misconceptions about dating.

Virtual Dating

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http://www.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualDating/

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An interactive exercise to teach you how geologists and archeologists determine the ages of rocks and ancient artifacts in two activities: Isochron Dating and Radiocarbon Dating.

Siccar Point Field Excursion

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http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/undergraduate/field/siccarpoint/

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Virtual field trip to the angular unconformity at Siccar Point, Scotland, originally described by James Hutton.

History of Science

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http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/earthhistory/histsci.html

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Teaching entry-level geoscience within the context of human history. >From the Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College.

Relative Dating Laboratory

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http://gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/relativedating.htm

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Relative Dating Laboratory from the Historical Geology Online Laboratory Manual by Pamela Gore at Georgia Perimeter College.

Unraveling Geological Time

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http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/courses/v1001/geotime2.html

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A lecture from a course entitled "Dinosaurs and the History of Life" by Paul Olsen at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

Interpreting Geologic Sections

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http://www.athro.com/geo/seframe.html

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Interactive relative dating exercises from Athro Limited.

Who's on First? A Relative Dating Activity

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/BarBar.html

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>From "Learning from the Fossil Record", University of California, Berkeley, Museum of Paleontology.

Adventures at Dry Creek

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/reslab/newdc/index.html

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An interactive tutorial or simulation to allow students to gain an understanding of paleontological field work, stratigraphy, geologic time, and fossils. Students conduct a scientific investigation by collecting, categorizing, identifying and analyzing fossils and using fossil data to develop multiple hypotheses about life in the past using direct and indirect evidence.

What is Science?

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http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/railsback_1122science1.html

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What science is and is not, from Bruce Railsback at the University of Georgia.

Introducing Inquiry and the Nature of Science

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http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/evolution98/evol6-a.html

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An activity introducing basic procedures involved in inquiry and concepts describing the nature of science from the book "Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science" published by the National Academy Press.

CONPTT - Science vs Non-science

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http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/conptt.html

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Six Criteria of Science: Consistent, Observable, Natural, Predictable, Testable, and Tentative (CONPTT). A mini lesson from Evolution & the Nature of Science Institutes.

Scientific Methods

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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/ScientificMethods.html

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A description of scientific methods, testing hypotheses, the null hypothesis, reproducibility of scientific work, scientific fraud, and more. From Kimball's Biology Pages, an online Biology textbook.

The Nature of Science and Biology

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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookintro.html

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A discussion of the nature of science and biology, with examples of theories contributing to modern biology, including the theory of evolution and the age of the Earth.

Messinian Salinity Crisis

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian_Salinity_Crisis

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Article on the evaporation of the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian part of the Miocene epoch. >From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

The Messinian Salinity Crisis

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http://ougseurope.org/newsletter/articles/messinian.asp

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An article on the evaporation of the Mediterranean Sea. >From the November 2005 issue of Eu(ro)ck, Open University Geological Society Mainland Europe.

مقالات زمین شناسی

کد:

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http://www.iauzah.ac.ir/admin/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=30&get=last#32

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