مشاهده نسخه کامل
: SATELLITE Pictures
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The Aral Sea on June 4, 1977, Sept. 17, 1989, and May 27, 2006. Image courtesy of USGS.
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea lies between Uzbekistan (to the south) and Kazakhstan (to the north). Once the fourth largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea is now less than half of its original size. The Aral Sea is a terminal, or endorheic, sea (meaning no water flows out of it). It is fed by the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya Rivers, but Soviet river diversions for irrigation made over 40 years ago have starved the Aral Sea of water.
In 2001, the World Bank funded the construction of an 8-mile dam to separate the North and South Aral, and thereby save the smaller and less polluted North Aral Sea. The North Aral has been growing since completion of the Kok-Aral Dam in the summer of 2005. Repairs and updates to the inefficient Soviet-era canals have also played a role in the rejuvenation of the North Aral.
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حالا ولش هرچی شد شد دیگه
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Tropical Storm Isidore
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Credit
Data courtesy Landsat 7 project and EROS Data Center. Caption by James Foster, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Mount St. Helens Rebirth
The catastrophic eruption of Mt. St. Helens 20 years ago today (on May 18, 1980), ranks among the most important natural events of the twentieth century in the United States. Because Mt. St. Helens is in a remote area of the Cascades Mountains, only a few people were killed by the eruption, but property damage and destruction totaled in the billions of dollars.
Mount St. Helens is an example of a composite or stratovolcano. These are explosive volcanoes that are generally steep-sided, symmetrical cones built up by the accumulation of debris from previous eruptions and consist of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash and cinder. Some of the most photographed mountains in the world are stratovolcanoes, including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Hood in Oregon, and Mount Rainier in Washington. The recently erupting Mount Usu on the island of Hokkaido in Japan is also a stratovolcano. Stratovolcanoes are characterized by having plumbing systems that move magma from a chamber deep within the Earth's crust to vents at the surface.
The height of Mt. St. Helens was reduced from about 2950 m (9677 ft) to about 2550 m (8364 ft) as a result of the explosive eruption on the morning of May 18. The eruption sent a column of dust and ash upwards more than 25 km into the atmosphere, and shock waves from the blast knocked down almost every tree within 10 km of the central crater. Massive avalanches and mudflows, generated by the near-instantaneous melting of deep snowpacks on the flanks of the mountain, devastated an area more than 20 km to the north and east of the former summit, and rivers choked with all sorts of debris were flooded more than 100 km away. The area of almost total destruction was about 600 sq. km. Ash from the eruption cloud was rapidly blown to the northeast and east producing lightning which started many small forest fires. An erie darkness caused by the cloud enveloped the landscape more than 200 km from the blast area, and ash could be seen falling from the sky over the Great Plains, more than 1500 km distant.
This image was acquired by Landsat 7 on Aug. 22, 1999. It was produced at 30-m resolution using bands 3, 2, and 1 to display red, green, & blue, respectively ("true color"). Some of the effects of the massive eruption on May 18, 1980, can still be seen clearly, especially on the northern and eastern flanks of Mount St. Helens, which are still mostly barren (shades of white and gray). The crater is in the center of the image. Note the streaking from the crater (gray on the image). These are the remnants of pyroclastic flows (superheated avalanches of gas, ash and pieces of rock) that carved deep channels down the slopes and onto the relatively flat areas near the base of the mountain. The partially-filled Spirit Lake can be seen just to the northeast of the crater (blue-black on the image), and the where most of the energy was directed during the blast is the gray area immediately to the northwest of the crater. However, on other parts of the mountain, the rejuvenation process is obvious. Ash deposits have supplied minerals which have accelerated vegetation growth (various shades of green). Though far from what it looked like 20 years ago, Mount St Helens is actively recovering.
Dasht-e Kevir (Great Salt Desert, Iran)
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Credit
<P> Image provided by the USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch</P> <P> <IMG SRC="/Newsroom/NewImages/Images/usgs_logo.gif" WIDTH=167 HEIGHT=62 HSPACE=0 VSPACE=0 BORDER=0> </P>
The Dasht-e Kevir, or Great Salt Desert, is the largest desert in Iran. It is primarily uninhabited wasteland, composed of mud and salt marshes covered with crusts of salt that protect the meager moisture from completely evaporating.
This image was acquired by Landsat 7’s Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor on October 24, 2000. This is a false-color composite image made using infrared, green, and red wavelengths. The image has also been sharpened using the sensor’s panchromatic band.
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Credit
ISS005-E-11900, taken 31 August 2002, was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.
Kharg Island is Iran’s primary oil export terminal in the Persian Gulf. This rocky limestone island is unique because it is one of the few islands in the Persian Gulf with freshwater which has collected within the porous limestone. In addition to its commercial and strategic importance, the freshwater has biological importance, supporting populations of gazelles. This high-resolution photograph taken by astronauts on board the International Space Station shows detail of the tanker dock facilities, tanks and other infrastructure. Sunglint on the surface of the water highlights small amounts of oil on the sea surface and reveals the direction of the local currents.
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Credit
Astronaut photograph ISS010-E-13393 was acquired January 15, 2005 with a Kodak 760C digital camera with a 400 mm lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations experiment and the Image Science & Analysis Group, Johnson Space Center. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.
Located approximately 50 kilometers northeast of Tehran, Mt. Damavand is an impressive stratovolcano that reaches 5,670 meters (18,598 feet) in elevation. Part of the Alborz Mountain Range that borders the Caspian Sea to the north, Damavand is a young volcano that has formed mostly during the Holocene Epoch (over approximately the last 10,000 years). The western flank of the volcano includes solidified lava flows with flow levees—“walls” formed as the side edges of flowing lava cooled rapidly, forming a chute that channeled the hotter, interior lava. Two such flows with well-defined levees are highlighted by snow on the mountainside.
Damavand is the highest peak in Iran and the highest volcano in the Middle East. The mountain and its surrounding areas are popular hiking, climbing, and skiing destinations. While no historic eruptions of the volcano are recorded, hot springs on the flanks of the volcano and fumaroles (steam vents) in the summit crater suggest that a hot or cooling magma body is still present beneath the volcano. This continuing activity, while minor, indicates a dormant rather than extinct volcano.
Earthquake near Bam, Iran
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A powerful earthquake struck southeastern Iran on December 26, 2003, killing thousands and destroying much of the city of Bam.
This one-meter resolution satellite image of Bam, Iran was taken by Space Imaging's IKONOS satellite on Dec. 27, 2003, just one day after a catastrophic earthquake struck the historic city. The image shows widespread destruction as a result of the 6.7 magnitude earthquake that leveled 70 percent of the buildings according to news reports.
Clearly seen in this image is the 2,000-year-old citadel, considered the world's largest mud fortress. According to news reports, much of the medieval fortress crumbled like a sand castle when the quake hit. The citadel was a popular tourist attraction and is on the register of the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and has been a World Heritage site.
Bam is located about 1,000 km (620 miles) southeast of Tehran.
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A powerful earthquake struck southeastern Iran on December 26, 2003, killing thousands and destroying much of the city of Bam. The USGS National Earthquake information center is reporting a magnitude of 6.5 for the quake, which was located just southwest of the city. About 60 percent of the buildings in Bam were destroyed. The old quarter and a 2,000-year-old citadel (severely damaged by the earthquake) were built primarily of mud brick.
Iran is a mountainous country subject to frequent severe earthquakes. A subduction zone where the Arabian Plate is sliding underneath the Eurasian Plate lies inland from, and parallel to, the Persian Gulf coast. This collision is squeezing the edge of the Eurasian plate, resulting in common earthquakes and a series of mountain ranges. Bam is northeast of one of these mountain ranges, the Jebal Barez. Frequent earthquakes occur along the Nayband and Gowk faults, near Bam, but the immediate area experiences relatively few earthquakes.
This image was created from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data acquired on October 1, 1999.
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The Zagros Mountains in southwestern Iran present an impressive landscape of long linear ridges and valleys. Formed by collision of the Eurasian and Arabian tectonic plates, the ridges and valleys extend hundreds of kilometers. Stresses induced in the Earth’s crust by the collision caused extensive folding of the preexisting layered sedimentary rocks. Subsequent erosion removed softer rocks, such as mudstone (rock formed by consolidated mud) and siltstone (a slightly coarser-grained mudstone) while leaving harder rocks, such as limestone (calcium-rich rock consisting of the remains of marine organisms) and dolomite (rocks similar to limestone containing calcium and magnesium). This differential erosion formed the linear ridges of the Zagros Mountains. The depositional environment and tectonic history of the rocks were conducive to the formation and trapping of petroleum, and the Zagros region is an important part of Persian Gulf production.
This astronaut photograph of the southwestern edge of the Zagros mountain belt includes another common feature of the region—a salt dome (Kuh-e-Namak or “mountain of salt” in Farsi). Thick layers of minerals such as halite (common table salt) typically accumulate in closed basins during alternating wet and dry climatic conditions. Over geologic time, these layers of salt are buried under younger layers of rock. The pressure from overlying rock layers causes the lower-density salt to flow upwards, bending the overlying rock layers and creating a dome-like structure. Erosion has spectacularly revealed the uplifted tan and brown rock layers surrounding the white Kuh-e-Namak to the northwest and southeast (center of image). Radial drainage patterns indicate another salt dome is located to the southwest (image left center). If the rising plug of salt (called a <span class="jargon">salt diapir</span>) breaches the surface, it can become a flowing salt glacier. Salt domes are an important target for oil exploration, as the impermeable salt frequently traps petroleum beneath other rock layers.
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With a population of just over two million, Mashhad is Iran’s second-largest city. It is located in the Kashaf River valley near the northeast corner of the country, not far away from the borders of Turkmenistan and Afganistan. Besides being the capital and center of commerce for Khorasan province, Mashhad is tourist center as well as a site of pilgrimage for millions to the shrine of martyred Shi’ate Imam Reza.
The crew of STS-107 acquired this snow-enhanced image just after noon (local time) on January 21, 2003. The long runways of the international airport, on the southeastern edge of the city, run parallel to the prevailing valley winds. Note how little snow is visible in the urbanized areas and the discoloration of snow in the surrounding area, probably due to wind-borne smoke generated by fuel burning in the city.
Iran's Salt Glaciers
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In southern Iran, the collision between the Asian landmass and the Arabian platform has folded rocks and pushed up the rugged Zagros Mountains. In places, underlying deposits of salt have ascended in fluid-like plumes. Some of these plumes have pushed through the rock above, like toothpaste from a tube, and they are now visible as darkish irregular patches. This image shows a few of over 200 similar features—called diapirs, or salt plugs—that are scattered about this part of the Zagros Mountains.
Gravity has caused the salt to flow like glaciers into adjacent valleys. The resulting tongue-shaped bodies are more than 5 kilometers long, with repeating bow-shaped ridges separated by crevasse-like gullies and with steep sides and fronts. The darker tones are due to clays brought up with the salt, as well as the probable accumulation of airborne dust. This ASTER perspective view was created by draping a band 3-2-1 (RGB) image over an ASTER-derived Digital Elevation Model (2x vertical exaggeration), and was acquired on August 10, 2001.
Caspian Sea
ce clogs the northern end of the Caspian Sea in this true-color Aqua MODIS image from March 31, 2003. The Caspian Sea is actually a salt-water lake, albeit the largest lake in the world, covering 373,000 square kilometers (1 square kilometer=0.3861 square mile). Surrounding the Caspian Sea are five countries (clockwise from top left): Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.
Because the Caspian sits on considerable oil reserves, this lake is of great strategic and economic importance. Another of the Caspian´s very valuable attributes is the fact that this is where sturgeon, the source of beluga caviar, live and spawn. Unfortunately, the destruction of spawning areas and illegal fishing have had serious repercussions on the sturgeon population.
Also visible in the image are a number of fires, which are marked in red. The fires are concentrated in the fan-shaped Volga River Delta at upper left and all along the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains at middle left. These fires are likely agricultural in nature; many farmers use fire to prepare the land for spring planting.
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Dust storm across the Persian Gulf
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Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
The mountainous terrain of western Iran appears to be diverting the previous days’ dust storms southward across the Persian Gulf. In this true-color Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from March 28, 2003, dust is pooled in the valleys closest to the coast and the front stretches across hundreds of miles. Into the waters of the Persian Gulf (center), bright blue swirls of sediment pour in from rivers. In places the swirls appear tinged with green, which suggests some marine plant life could be present. Several thermal anomalies were detected by MODIS and are marked with red dots. In southern Iraq, these appear to be associated with oil fires, which are producing dark, thick smoke plumes. Another source of smoke and aerosols is the city of Baghdad, where massive plumes of blackish-brown smoke are streaming southward.
Dasht-e Kevir
Image taken 10/24/2000
The Dasht-e Kevir, or valley of desert, is the largest desert in Iran. It is a primarily uninhabited wasteland, composed of mud and salt marshes covered with crusts of salt that protect the meager moisture from completely evaporating.
Dasht-e Kevir can be found on Landsat 7 WRS Path 162 Row 36, center: 34.62, 54.71.
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Konari, Iran
Image taken 2/2/2000
The Mand River and the small town of Konari nestle in the Zagros Mountains in western Iran.
Konari can be found on Landsat 7 WRS Path 163 Row 40, center: 28.87, 51.62.
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images of Spectacular Cenozoic Fault Scarps in the Mongolian and Gobi Altai
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Aerial photo and field photos of frontal thrust fault, SW side of Altun Huhey Range, Mongolian Altai
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Satellite view of Hovd Fault and SW Altun Huhey Range front, Mongolian Altai
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Field photos of SW Tsambagarav Range mountain front
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Aerial photo of faulted SW front of Tsambagarav Massif
Summary
The Permian marks an important, yet poorly understood, tectonic transition in the Tian Shan region of northwestern China between Devonian-Carboniferous continental amalgamation and recurrent Mesozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental orogenic reactivation. The Turpan-Hami basin accommodated up to 3000 m sediment and is ideally positioned to provide constraints on this transition. New stratigraphic data and mapping indicate that extension dominated Early Permian tectonics in the region, whereas flexural, foreland subsidence controlled Late Permian basin evolution.
Lower Permian strata in the northwestern Turpan-Hami basin consist of coarse-grained debris flow and alluvial fan deposits interbedded with mafic to intermediate volcanic sills and flows. In contrast, Lower Permian rocks in the north-central and northeastern Turpan-Hami basin unconformably overlie an Upper Carboniferous volcanic arc sequence. These Lower Permian strata include possible shallow marine carbonate, and thick volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks which are in turn followed by littoral to profundal lacustrine facies. Following a regional Lower-Upper Permian unconformity, regional sedimentation patterns record the development of a more integrated sedimentary basin. The Upper Permian is entirely nonmarine and can be correlated along the west-east depositional strike of the basin. The lower Upper Permian consists of a broad belt of braided fluvial deposits shed northward. This is followed by fluctuating littoral-profundal lacustrine and associated fluvial facies. The uppermost Permian is characterized by shallow lake-plain and fluvial environments.
Location map of the Junggar and Turpan-Hami basins, showing maximum known extent of Upper Permian lake deposits.
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Organic-rich Upper Permian oil shales of the Lucaogou Formation, southern Junggar basin (photo: Alan Carroll).
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Geologic map and satellite image of the Taoshuyuan fault, southern Bogdashan. The Taoshuyuan fault is interpreted to be a reactivated Early Permian normal fault (Wartes et al., in press).
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Geologic setting
The volcanic necks exposed in the Rio Puerco drainage lie within the Jemez Lineament, a prominent N50E alignment of Cenozoic volcanic fields (Map ([ برای مشاهده لینک ، لطفا با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ])). This volcanic alignment appears to follow the trend of a Precambrian province boundary in the subsurface (Karlstrom & Humphreys, 1998), although there is little to no fault expression of this feature at the surface. In the area of the Rio Puerco valley (RPV), the lineament marks the location of the Transition Zone that separates the Colorado Plateau from the extended lithosphere of the Rio Grande rift and Basin and Range province (Baldridge et al., 1991; Perry et al., 1987, 1988, 1990).
The Puerco necks occur on the east flank of the ~3-1.5 Ma Mt. Taylor volcanic field (Hunt, 1937; Perry et al., 1990) between Mesa Chivato on the west and Mesa Prieta on the east (satellite photo ([ برای مشاهده لینک ، لطفا با نام کاربری خود وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید ])). The necks are broadly confined to the Rio Puerco fault zone, a NNE-trending belt of Laramide faults that were reactivated during Rio Grande rifting (Hallett, 1992; Slack et al., 1996). Although few of the necks are directly associated with individual faults, the confinement of the necks to this zone suggests that the fault network facilitated magma transport to the surface.
Geophysical studies in the region show a change in crustal thickness from 40-45 km beneath the Colorado Plateau to ~30-35 km beneath the Transition Zone and under the Rio Grande rift (Hendricks & Plescia, 1991; Keller et al., 1998; Nishimura et al., 1997; Parsons et al., 1996; Rosca et al., 2000; Snelson et al., 1998; Zandt et al., 1995). Lithospheric thicknesses are estimated to be around 90 km below the plateau, and thinner beneath the rift (e.g., Davis, 1991). Heat flow is elevated within the rift and the Jemez Lineament with respect to values from the Colorado Plateau, reflecting both Cenozoic magmatic activity and extensional thinning of the lithosphere (Eggleston & Reiter, 1984). Deep seismic reflection data across the Jemez Lineament to the east of the Rio Grande rift show a strongly reflecting, south-dipping ramp through the crust that has been interpreted to be the trace of a ca. 1.6 Ga paleo-subduction zone (Magnani et al., 2001).
Considerable debate exists concerning the role that remnants of the Mesozoic Farallon slab (e.g., Humphreys, 1995; van der Lee & Nolet, 1997; Bunge & Grand, 2000) might have played at depth beneath and adjacent to the Colorado Plateau. Helmstaedt & Schulze (1991) argued that subduction of the Farallon plate produced an inverted metamorphic gradient in the mantle beneath the Colorado Plateau and also caused hydration of the overlying mantle. Smith (1995) has documented extensive hydration of mantle xenoliths at anomalously low temperatures beneath the Plateau, but argues that available data cannot distinguish between Proterozoic processes, hydration during Laramide flat-slab subduction, or percolation of fluids down from the overlying crust. The high present-day topography in the western U.S. requires support via mantle buoyancy, and thus cold mantle must have been replaced by warm mantle following Farallon subduction (e.g., Humphreys; 1995; Karlstrom & Humphreys, 1998; Bunge & Grand, 2000).
Isotopic studies in alkali basalts throughout the western U.S. show that there is a good correlation between tectonic setting and mantle source region for the basalts. For example, Nd isotopic studies of alkali basalts from the southern Basin and Range province show extraction from depleted asthenosphere (eNd=+7 to +8), whereas basalts from relatively unextended areas (Colorado Plateau; Great Plains) were generally derived from enriched mantle (eNd=0 to +2; Perry et al., 1987; but note Lee et al., 2001, Re-Os data indicating depleted root). The Transition Zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range records a mixed source region with eNd= +3 to +6.
Basalts from the Mt. Taylor (Perry et al., 1990) and Rio Puerco (Hallett, 1994) volcanic fields generally have relatively high eNd (+3.5 to +5) and low 87Sr/86Sr (<0.7041). These values are consistent with those from Transition Zone rocks in Arizona, and not surprisingly lie between the Colorado Plateau and Rio Grande rift values (Baldridge et al., 1991; Duncker et al., 1991; Johnson & Thompson, 1991; McMillan et al., 2000). These data suggest that the mantle beneath the Rio Puerco region has been partially modified by extension and asthenospheric upwelling.
Satellite photo mosaic of Kachchh Mainland. The active fault traces identified along Kachchh Mainland Fault Zone
and along Katroll Hill Fault Zone have been shown enclosed in the area marked in yellow.
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Alborz Mountains
The Alborz Mountain range separates the Iranian plateau from the Caspian Sea. In contrast to the dry plateau the north side of the mountains and the coastal plains are humid and green. In the foreground the Sefid River crosses through the mountains and enters into the Caspian Sea near the city of Rasht.
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تو سایت زیر شما فقط کافیه فلش پلیر ( آخرین ورزنش ) رو نصب کرده باشین
بعد با دادن مختصات هرجای دنیا رو که میخوای نگا کن
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اینم مال ناساست
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amiraha9097
22-07-2007, 08:49
nasa world win را از كجا ميشود گرفت؟
بفرما عزیز جان
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Description: Large dust storm over Iran in 2001. Various shades of brown reflect varied landscapes containing expanses of flat open desert, dry lake beds, dune fields, and mountain ranges.
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